{"id":11833,"date":"2023-01-30T13:51:06","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T10:51:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=11833"},"modified":"2023-01-30T13:51:06","modified_gmt":"2023-01-30T10:51:06","slug":"bilim-teorileri-bilim-tarihi-bilim-tarihiodevleri-bilim-tarihi-odev-ucretleri-bilim-tarihi-bolumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/bilim-teorileri-bilim-tarihi-bilim-tarihiodevleri-bilim-tarihi-odev-ucretleri-bilim-tarihi-bolumu\/","title":{"rendered":"Bilim Teorileri \u2013 Bilim Tarihi \u2013 Bilim Tarihi\u00d6devleri \u2013 Bilim Tarihi \u00d6dev \u00dccretleri \u2013Bilim Tarihi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilim Teorileri <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131, insan bilgisinin ve insan ili\u015fkilerinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6n\u00fc olarak bilimin d\u00fcnya sahnesine f\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Fizikteki devrimler, Newton yasalar\u0131n\u0131n yerini g\u00f6relilik ve kuantum mekani\u011fi ile de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve biyologlar geneti\u011fin do\u011fu\u015funu ve evrimin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bilim, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideologlar taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131mc\u0131 yasalar \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131, zulm\u00fc hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in siyasi ideolojiye uyarland\u0131 ve modern zamanlar\u0131n en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 silahlar\u0131n\u0131 yaratmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bilim, \u0131rk, din, cinsiyet, s\u0131n\u0131f, emperyalizm ve pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcrle ilgili konularda toplumsal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, atom bombalar\u0131 ve harika ila\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda, toplum ge\u00e7ici olarak ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman isteksizce bilim adamlar\u0131na toplumda tarihte e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir stat\u00fc verirken, bilim prati\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7ek ve destek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fizi\u011fin Canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Baz\u0131 fizik\u00e7iler, kendi alanlar\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fiflerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun zaten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa ve gelecekteki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sadece daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesinlik olu\u015fturma meselesi olaca\u011f\u0131na inansalar da, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131 bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kesin olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fizi\u011fi yeniden canland\u0131ran ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren temel ke\u015fifler, elektri\u011fin olduk\u00e7a seyreltilmi\u015f bir gaz t\u00fcp\u00fcnden bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00fcretilen katot \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan geldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Deneyler, Alman fizik\u00e7i daha sonra yo\u011fun bir elektromanyetik radyasyon bi\u00e7imi olarak kabul edilen X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kazara ke\u015ffetmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n garip “i\u00e7ini g\u00f6rme” fenomeni, daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ilham verdi ve daha sonra radyoaktivite olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan “uranyum \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n” ke\u015ffiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gizemli “\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar” \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma tela\u015f\u0131 bazen yeni fenomenlerin yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131, ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n (elektrikten kaynaklanan) ve radyoaktivitenin (elektrik veya g\u00fcne\u015f taraf\u0131ndan herhangi bir “y\u00fcke” ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan belirli maddelerden yay\u0131lan) oldu\u011funu fark ettiler.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Katot \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 1897’de par\u00e7ac\u0131k ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 veya “par\u00e7ac\u0131klar” olarak kabul edildi. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cisimler \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden elektronlar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, polonyum ve radyum gibi daha \u00f6nce insanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan bilinmeyen radyoaktif elementleri izole etme ve tan\u0131mlama konusunda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir \u00fcn kazand\u0131. Bu geli\u015fmeler, atomlardan bile daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck nesneleri anlaman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fizikteki di\u011fer temel de\u011fi\u015fiklikler teorikti. 1900’de Max Planck, \u0131\u015f\u0131k tayf\u0131 boyunca enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n matematiksel bir problemini \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Enerjiyi frekansa g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00e7en denklemlere k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck bir sabit yerle\u015ftirdi ve b\u00f6ylece enerjiyi ancak o k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck say\u0131n\u0131n katlar\u0131 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir hale getirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Teori ger\u00e7e\u011fe genelle\u015ftirilebilseydi, enerji k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck paketlerde veya kuantumlarda vard\u0131. Albert Einstein, e\u011fer bu do\u011fruysa, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisinin bir ak\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun yerine \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fctlesi olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen momentum ta\u015f\u0131yan minik “fotonlardan” olu\u015ftu\u011funu iddia etti. Einstein’\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc denklemi E = mc2, enerjiyi belirli bir k\u00fctle miktar\u0131na e\u015fde\u011fer k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Einstein’\u0131n iyi bilinen fikirlerinden bir di\u011feri olan \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik ilk olarak 1905’te form\u00fcle edildi. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n eter kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve uzay ve zaman gibi kavramlar\u0131 yeniden tan\u0131mlad\u0131. On y\u0131l sonra, yer\u00e7ekimine ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar sa\u011flayan genel bir g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131 ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisinin bazen uzay\u0131n e\u011frili\u011fini takip etti\u011fini savundu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kuantum teorisi ve g\u00f6relilik, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yirmi y\u0131l\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131 ve her iki fikri yayman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de Solvay Konferanslar\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131. Genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6n\u00fc olan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fck\u00fclmesi, taraf\u0131ndan 1919’da bir g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlendi.<\/span><\/p>\n

X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 gibi elektromanyetik radyasyonun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ilham vermeye devam etti. 1912’de Alman fizik\u00e7i X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kristaller taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Teori nedir<\/span>
\nBilimsel yasa nedir<\/span>
\nTeori nedir k\u0131saca<\/span>
\nBilimsel<\/a> teori \u00f6rnekleri<\/span>
\nTeorik nedir<\/span>
\nBilimsel teori ve bilimsel yasa aras\u0131ndaki Farklar<\/span>
\nTeori \u00f6rnekleri<\/span>
\nTeori ve kanun \u00f6rnekleri<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Bu ke\u015ffe dayanarak, kristalleri kendileri ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her metal X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde k\u0131rarak benzersiz tayflar verdi. Bu, metallerin \u00f6zelliklerini incelemede son derece yararl\u0131 olan yeni X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kristalografisi alan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ve daha y\u00fcksek enerjili “gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131” gibi elektromanyetik radyasyonun \u00f6zellikleri hala tam olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elektromanyetik radyasyon ve y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n etkile\u015fimi hakk\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fifler 1920’lerde ve 1930’larda ke\u015ffedildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1923’te, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda dalga boyundaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin kuantum fizi\u011fi ile yorumlanabilece\u011fini kaydetti: Bir radyasyon fotonu bir elektrona \u00e7arpar ve enerjisinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 elektrona aktar\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece her ikisinin de dalga boyunu de\u011fi\u015ftirir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, kuantum teorisi i\u00e7in deneysel kan\u0131tlar sa\u011flad\u0131 ve elektronlar\u0131n sadece par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda dalgalar olarak da davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015feyin herhangi bir saydam ortamdan ge\u00e7en s\u0131radan \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemledi; ortamdaki molek\u00fcller taraf\u0131ndan enerjinin so\u011furulmas\u0131 nedeniyle dalga boyunu da de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ortam\u0131n \u00f6nemi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6neten teorik kurallar, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ilemeyece\u011fi fikri de dahil olmak \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015febilirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar bir ortamdan ge\u00e7irildi\u011finde yay\u0131lan mavimsi bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k ke\u015ffetti. Garip \u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra meslekta\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, yaln\u0131zca \u015feffaf bir kat\u0131 veya s\u0131v\u0131 ortamda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 “k\u0131ran” par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n bir etkisi olarak yorumland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Elektron \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, radyoaktivitenin do\u011fas\u0131 ve atomun kendisinin yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yeni sorular\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131. ABD’li deneysel fizik\u00e7i Robert Millikan, 1910’da bir elektronun y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7en ilk ki\u015fi oldu ve t\u00fcm elektronlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirledi. Bir elektrik alan\u0131n\u0131n yer\u00e7ekimine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015fini \u00f6l\u00e7erek “ya\u011f damlas\u0131” y\u00f6ntemini kulland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yeni Zelandal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Ernest Rutherford, radyoaktivitenin “yeni simya” oldu\u011funu, yani baz\u0131 elementlerin karars\u0131z oldu\u011funu ve yava\u015f yava\u015f di\u011fer elementlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Radyoaktivite basit\u00e7e, karars\u0131z atomlarda alfa ve beta ad\u0131 verilen iki t\u00fcr par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan birinin f\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Beta par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 elektronlard\u0131 ve serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131 bir atomun \u00f6zelliklerini temelden de\u011fi\u015ftirirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Atomunu pozitif y\u00fckl\u00fc s\u0131v\u0131da y\u0131kanan elektronlarla de\u011fi\u015ftiren, bir \u00e7ekirde\u011fin etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen elektronlara dayanan yeni gezegen atom modelini tasarlad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rutherford deneysel fizi\u011fin \u00f6nde gelen isimlerinden biriydi ve onun m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funda, buras\u0131 radyoaktivite ve atom fizi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nde gelen merkez haline geldi. Kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca ara\u00e7lardan biri, \u00a0bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n elektronlar\u0131n buhar izlerini fiilen g\u00f6rmelerini sa\u011flayan bulut odas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

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