{"id":1805,"date":"2020-09-26T16:56:56","date_gmt":"2020-09-26T13:56:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=1805"},"modified":"2020-09-26T16:56:56","modified_gmt":"2020-09-26T13:56:56","slug":"derleme-ornekleri-2-derleme-ornegi-adim-adim-derleme-tezi-bilimsel-derleme-nasil-yapilir-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-ucretleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/derleme-ornekleri-2-derleme-ornegi-adim-adim-derleme-tezi-bilimsel-derleme-nasil-yapilir-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-ucretleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Derleme \u00d6rnekleri? (2) – Derleme \u00d6rne\u011fi \u2013 Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Derleme Tezi \u2013 Bilimsel Derleme Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r? – Bilimsel Derleme Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Bilimsel Derleme Yapt\u0131rma \u00dccretleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Derleme<\/span> yazd\u0131rma sipari\u015fi veya<\/span> di\u011fer t\u00fcm dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/span> talepleriniz i\u00e7in,<\/span> hemen sayfan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki formu doldurarak veya whatsapp destek hatt\u0131m\u0131zdan bize ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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E-sigara \u015firketleri sosyal medyada da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir varl\u0131\u011fa sahipler, bu da pazarlama mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren, \u00fcnl\u00fclerin deste\u011fini tekrarlamak (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Heigl) ve \u0130ngiliz m\u00fczik grubu Girls Aloud’un e-sigaralarda \u015fi\u015firen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini yaymak dahil 10. y\u0131ll\u0131k turlar\u0131n\u0131n stresiyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilirler.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sigara ve di\u011fer t\u00fct\u00fcn \u015firketleri, 1970’lerden beri \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini televizyon ve radyoda pazarlayamamaktad\u0131r. Televizyon ve radyoda e-sigara reklamc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu t\u00fcr pazarlamay\u0131 hi\u00e7 ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f yeni nesillere e\u011flence ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yapan bir nikotin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn toplu olarak pazarlanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

519 yeti\u015fkin sigara i\u00e7en ve yak\u0131n zamanda sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakan yeti\u015fkinlerin bir \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i kolayl\u0131k \u00f6rne\u011finde, mevcut sigara i\u00e7enlerin% 76’s\u0131 reklam\u0131n onlar\u0131 sigara i\u00e7meyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc,% 74’\u00fc b\u0131rakmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirdi ve% 66’s\u0131 ileride bir e-sigara deneme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.24 E-sigara kullanan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n% 34’\u00fc, reklam\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcledikten sonra sigara i\u00e7meyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyenlere g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha muhtemeldi (% 83 ve S\u0131ras\u0131yla% 72), bir e-sigara reklam\u0131n\u0131 izlemenin sigara i\u00e7me konusunda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini ve sigara i\u00e7me d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcne i\u015faret edebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prevalanlar<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

E-sigara ve e-sigara denemesi konusundaki fark\u0131ndal\u0131k, 2008’den 2012’ye kadar bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede hem yeti\u015fkinler hem de ergenler aras\u0131nda en az iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde, erkekler aras\u0131nda fark\u0131ndal\u0131k daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r, ancak e-sigara denemesi daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. KADIN. Ulusal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara kat\u0131lan Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve ABD’li yeti\u015fkinlerin neredeyse ayn\u0131 y\u00fczde ayn\u0131 oran\u0131 e-sigara denedi\u011fini bildirdi (s\u0131ras\u0131yla 2012’de% 7 iken 2011’de% 6.2).<\/span><\/p>\n

Yeti\u015fkin kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin t\u00fcm pop\u00fclasyon temelli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, e-sigara denemesi ve kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm bu kategorilerde artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u015fu anda sigara i\u00e7enler aras\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek e-sigara kullan\u0131m oran\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir, bunu daha \u00f6nce sigara i\u00e7enler takip etmektedir; e-sigara denemesi ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm bu kategorilerde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.4\u20136 Etter ve Bullen26, e-sigara ve sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya adanm\u0131\u015f Web sitelerinden toplanan ve \u00e7o\u011fu (% 72) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sigara i\u00e7en e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fini izledi. 1 y\u0131ll\u0131k takipte, temelde g\u00fcnl\u00fck e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan eski sigara i\u00e7enlerin% 6’s\u0131 tekrar sigara i\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta her g\u00fcn e-sigara kullanan eski sigara i\u00e7enlerin neredeyse tamam\u0131 (% 92) hala kullan\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta 36 ikili kullan\u0131c\u0131dan 16’s\u0131 (% 44) 1 y\u0131l sonra sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131. Epidemiyolojik, pop\u00fclasyon temelli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda e-sigaralar\u0131n en yayg\u0131n olarak geleneksel t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaralar\u0131yla (ikili kullan\u0131m) e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Pazarlama mesajlar\u0131yla tutarl\u0131 olarak, e-sigaray\u0131 denemek i\u00e7in verilen en yayg\u0131n nedenler, sigaran\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu yerlerde kullanmak, sigaray\u0131 azaltmak ve sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Choi ve Forster31, 2010’dan 2011’e kadar hi\u00e7 e-sigara kullanmayan Ortabat\u0131 gen\u00e7 yeti\u015fkinlerden olu\u015fan bir kohortu (ortalama ya\u015f, 24,1 y\u0131l) izledi ve mevcut sigara i\u00e7enlerin% 21,6’s\u0131n\u0131n, daha \u00f6nce sigara i\u00e7enlerin% 11,9’unun ve 2.9 Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sigara i\u00e7meyenlerin% ‘si, takipte hi\u00e7 e-sigara kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta e-sigaran\u0131n sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fine ve e-sigaray\u0131 sigaradan daha az zararl\u0131 olarak alg\u0131layanlar, takipte e-sigara deneylerini bildirme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksekti (d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f olas\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131 [OR], 1.98; 95 % g\u00fcven aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayarlanm\u0131\u015f OR, 2.34;% 95 CI, 1.49-3.69 idi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ergenler aras\u0131nda e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin veriler daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r, ancak yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi, daha y\u00fcksek deneme oranlar\u0131 ile 5 \u00fclkede (Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Polonya, Letonya, Finlandiya ve Kore) fark\u0131ndal\u0131k ve kullan\u0131mda h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6stermektedir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri veya Kore’den daha Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde kullan\u0131m.9,10,32,33 Kore’de, gen\u00e7lerin e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131 2008’de% 0,5’ten 2011’de% 9,10’a y\u00fckseldi ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde 2011’de% 3,3’ten 2012’de% 6,8’e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfus temelli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda oldu\u011fu gibi, veriler, e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ekici oldu\u011funu ve t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaras\u0131n\u0131 deneyen veya halen kullanan gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Geleneksel sigaralarla ikili kullan\u0131m, e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131n modelidir: 2011’de ABD’li ortaokul \u00f6\u011frencilerinde% 61 ve ABD lise \u00f6\u011frencileri aras\u0131nda% 80.9 Bu sonu\u00e7lar, e-sigaralar\u0131n gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde pazara girdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD lise \u00f6\u011frencileri aras\u0131nda (% 10.0), yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in 2011 oran\u0131ndan (% 6.2) bile daha y\u00fcksek deneme oran\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklere e-sigara sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan bir yasaya ra\u011fmen, Utah gen\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131 (8., 10. s\u0131n\u0131flar, ve 12) 2011 ile 2013 aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; gen\u00e7lerin mevcut e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bildirme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeti\u015fkinlere g\u00f6re 3 kat daha fazlayd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sigarayla ikili kullan\u0131m y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, e-sigara deneyen baz\u0131 gen\u00e7lerin hi\u00e7 t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaras\u0131 denememi\u015f olmas\u0131, baz\u0131 gen\u00e7lerin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yaratan bir ila\u00e7 olan nikotini e-sigarayla kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. 2012’de, ortaokulun% 20,3’\u00fc ve lisedeki e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n% 7,2’si hi\u00e7 konvansiyonel sigara i\u00e7medi\u011fini bildirdi.Benzer \u015fekilde, Kore’de 2011’de, 7’den 12’ye kadar hi\u00e7 e-sigara kullanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011frencilerin% 15’i hi\u00e7 sigara i\u00e7medim. Utah Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fimdiye kadarki e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n% 32’sinin hi\u00e7bir zaman geleneksel sigara i\u00e7mediklerini bildirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

E-Sigara S\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ve Buhar\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kimyasal Bile\u015fenler<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 markalardan kartu\u015f e-likitinin nikotin i\u00e7eri\u011fi, etiketli ve ger\u00e7ek nikotin i\u00e7eri\u011finin uyumsuzlu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.35-39 Sim\u00fcle edilmi\u015f e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131, bireysel nefeslerin her nefes i\u00e7in 0 ile 35 \u03bcg aras\u0131nda nikotin i\u00e7erdi\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.37 Her nefes i\u00e7in 30 ug’lik y\u00fcksek bir nikotin iletimi, tipik olarak geleneksel bir sigara i\u00e7ilerek verilen 1 mg nikotini iletmek 30 nefes alacakt\u0131r. En y\u00fcksek nikotin i\u00e7eri\u011fine sahip e-sigaran\u0131n bir \u00fcflemesi, geleneksel bir sigaran\u0131n bir nefes nefesinde bulunan nikotinin% 20’sini i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bir e-sigaradan ger\u00e7ek nikotin iletimi, muhtemelen kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n sigara i\u00e7me davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan etkilenecektir. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k marka e-sigaralar\u0131n analizi ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan aerosol, markalar aras\u0131nda, kartu\u015flardaki e-s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n nikotin i\u00e7eri\u011finin, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan aerosolde bulunan miktarla \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ili\u015fkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi ve bu, cihaz\u0131n m\u00fchendislik \u00f6zelliklerinde farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

12 marka e-sigara, geleneksel bir sigara ve bir nikotin soluma cihaz\u0131ndan elde edilen aerosol\u00fc toksik ve kanserojen bile\u015fikler i\u00e7in analiz etti. Aerosoldeki toksik madde seviyeleri sigara duman\u0131ndakinden 1 ila 2 kat daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, ancak nikotin inhalerinden daha y\u00fcksekti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim ve Shin42, Kore pazar\u0131ndaki 11 \u015firketten 105 yeniden doldurma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131nda t\u00fct\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc nitrozaminler NNN, NNK ve NAT ile toplam t\u00fct\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc nitrozaminleri analiz ettiler ve t\u00fct\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 derecelik bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik buldular. Toplam t\u00fct\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc nitrozamin konsantrasyonu 330 ile 8600 \u03bcg \/ mL aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen nitrozamin konsantrasyonlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Derleme<\/span> yazd\u0131rma sipari\u015fi veya<\/span> di\u011fer t\u00fcm dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/span> talepleriniz i\u00e7in,<\/span> hemen sayfan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki formu doldurarak veya whatsapp destek hatt\u0131m\u0131zdan bize ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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