{"id":1823,"date":"2020-09-26T17:19:10","date_gmt":"2020-09-26T14:19:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=1823"},"modified":"2020-09-26T17:19:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-26T14:19:10","slug":"derleme-ornekleri-6-derleme-ornegi-adim-adim-derleme-tezi-bilimsel-derleme-nasil-yapilir-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-ucretleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/derleme-ornekleri-6-derleme-ornegi-adim-adim-derleme-tezi-bilimsel-derleme-nasil-yapilir-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-bilimsel-derleme-yaptirma-ucretleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Derleme \u00d6rnekleri? (6) – Derleme \u00d6rne\u011fi \u2013 Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Derleme Tezi \u2013 Bilimsel Derleme Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r? – Bilimsel Derleme Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Bilimsel Derleme Yapt\u0131rma \u00dccretleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Derleme<\/span> yazd\u0131rma sipari\u015fi veya<\/span> di\u011fer t\u00fcm dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/span> talepleriniz i\u00e7in,<\/span> hemen sayfan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki formu doldurarak veya whatsapp destek hatt\u0131m\u0131zdan bize ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Klinik Denemeler<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

D\u00f6rt klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma (2’si \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck numunelerle) e-sigaran\u0131n sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakma etkinli\u011fini incelemi\u015ftir.83-86 \u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada83-85 e-sigara kullanmayan bir kontrol grubuna sahip de\u011fildi. Di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma86, e-sigara etkinli\u011fini 21 mg nikotin band\u0131 i\u00e7eren standart bak\u0131m rejimiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri, sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7o\u011fu farmas\u00f6tik denemeye e\u015flik eden davran\u0131\u015fsal destek d\u00fczeyiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmedi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Polosa ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talya’da, 18 ila 60 ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ve \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyen sigara i\u00e7enlerle bir kavram kan\u0131t\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Deneklere Categoria e-sigaralar sunuldu ve sigaray\u0131 azaltmak ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara, g\u00fcnl\u00fck kartu\u015f ve yan etkileri kaydetmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde 4 kartu\u015f (7,4 mg nikotin i\u00e7eri\u011fi) kullanmalar\u0131 talimat\u0131 verildi. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n% 68’i ile alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k takip tamamland\u0131 (27\/40): 13’\u00fc hem e-sigara hem de t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaras\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu, 5’i \u00f6zel t\u00fct\u00fcn sigara i\u00e7iyor ve 9’u t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaras\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya devam ederken kullanmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sigara t\u00fcketimi 13 ikili kullan\u0131c\u0131da en az% 50 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta g\u00fcnde 25 sigaradan 6. ayda g\u00fcnde 6 sigaraya; P <0.001). Polosa ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 87 bu numuneyi 18 ve 24 aylarda 23 denekle (orijinal 40 ki\u015finin% 58’i kay\u0131tl\u0131) takip etmeye devam etti. 24 ayl\u0131k bir ziyareti tamamlayan 23 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n 18’i sigara i\u00e7meye devam etti ve 11’i, g\u00fcnde ortalama 24 sigaradan 4 sigaraya istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bir azalma ile% 50 oran\u0131nda sigara t\u00fcketimini azaltt\u0131 (P = 0,003).<\/span><\/p>\n

Be\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 24 ayda t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaras\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma veya kontrol grubunun bulunmamas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu, bu da elde edilen b\u0131rakma oranlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fans eseri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Caponnetto, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyen \u015fizofreni hastas\u0131 14 sigara i\u00e7icisi ile benzer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara ayn\u0131 Categoria e-sigara, karbon monoksit, \u00fcr\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131, i\u00e7ilen sigara say\u0131s\u0131 ve \u015fizofreni pozitif ve negatif semptomlar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ve 4, 8, 12, 24 ve 52. haftalarda de\u011ferlendirildi. 14 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yedisi (% 50), 52. haftada i\u00e7ilen g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara say\u0131s\u0131nda% 50’lik bir azalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama 30 sigara, g\u00fcnde 15 sigaraya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc (P = 0.018). 52. haftaya kadar 2 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131yla (% 14.3) sigaradan s\u00fcrekli uzak durma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra \u015fizofreninin olumlu ve olumsuz y\u00f6nleri artmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. En yayg\u0131n sonu\u00e7, e-sigara ile geleneksel sigaralar\u0131n ikili kullan\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kontrol grubunun olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bulgular\u0131, ruhsal hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan sigara i\u00e7enlere genellenemez.<\/span><\/p>\n

Caponnetto ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda, 3 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kolunda sigara b\u0131rakma ve azaltma i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere sahip e-sigaralar\u0131n etkinli\u011fini incelemek i\u00e7in randomize, yar\u0131 kontroll\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: 7.2 mg nikotin e-sigara ile 12 haftal\u0131k tedavi haftal\u0131k nikotin azaltma rejimi (7.2 mg e-sigara ile 6 hafta ve 5.4 mg e-sigara ile 6 hafta tedavi) ve nikotin olmayan bir e-sigara ile 12 haftal\u0131k tedavi. Her 3 tedavi kolu i\u00e7in t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ziyaretlerinde (1 y\u0131lda g\u00fcnde 7-10 sigara) medyan sigarada benzer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 3 ko\u015ful aras\u0131nda 6 ayl\u0131k veya 1 y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u0131rakma oran\u0131nda istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bir fark yoktu (1 y\u0131ll\u0131k oranlar: plasebo e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in% 4, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck nikotinli e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in% 9 ve 13 y\u00fcksek nikotinli e-sigara kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in%).<\/span><\/p>\n

Yazarlar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ilk birka\u00e7 haftas\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaya ba\u015flayanlar\u0131n b\u0131rakmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, oysa olmayanlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma boyunca ikili kullan\u0131c\u0131 olarak kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. B\u0131rakanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde yirmi alt\u0131s\u0131 1 y\u0131lda e-sigara kullanmaya devam etti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmayla ilgili sorunlar aras\u0131nda, e-sigara kullanmayan bir kontrol grubunun olmamas\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcn kalitesinin eksik oldu\u011fu belirtildi (cihazlar s\u0131kl\u0131kla ar\u0131zaland\u0131 ve yenilerinin s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6nderilmesi gerekiyordu). T\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yazar\u0131 R. Polosa, ara\u015ft\u0131rmada kullan\u0131lan Categoria e-sigara \u00fcreticisi Arbi Group SRL i\u00e7in \u015eubat 2011’den itibaren dan\u0131\u015fman olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bullen Auckland, Yeni Zelanda’da t\u0131bbi NRT ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan e-sigaralar \u00fczerinde randomize, kontroll\u00fc, klinik bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u0131rakmaya motive olan yeti\u015fkin sigara i\u00e7enler, 3 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma koluna (16 mg e-sigara, 21 mg NRT yamas\u0131, nikotinsiz e-sigara) randomize edildi. T\u00fcm deneklere g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc telefon dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verildi. Denekler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, 1 hafta (b\u0131rakma g\u00fcn\u00fc), 12 hafta ve 6 ayda g\u00f6zlendi. Nikotin e-sigara grubundaki kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde elli yedisi, sigaralar\u0131n\u0131 6 ayda \u2265% 50 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken, yama grubunda oran % 41 (P = 0,002) ve nikotinsiz e-sigara grubunda% 45 (P = 0,08) idi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nikotin band\u0131 grubuna randomize edilenler, tedaviye (% 46) 16 mg e-sigara grubuna (% 78) ve nikotinsiz e-sigara grubuna (% 82) g\u00f6re daha az ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Not olarak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma metodolojisi nikotin band\u0131 grubunda ba\u015far\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131 getirmi\u015f olabilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc e-sigaralar do\u011frudan nikotinli veya nikotinsiz e-sigara grubuna randomize edilen kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara \u00fccretsiz olarak postalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, oysa yama grubundaki kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar eczanede nikotin bantlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilecek kartlar ve m\u00fctevaz\u0131 \u00fccreti kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kuponlar postaland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, yamalar\u0131 sa\u011flama protokol\u00fc Yeni Zelanda’da b\u0131rakma hatt\u0131n\u0131 arayanlar i\u00e7in “ola\u011fan bak\u0131m\u0131” temsil etse de, bu prosed\u00fcr NRT’ye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131 getirmi\u015f olabilir ve bu da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 e-sigaralar\u0131n bire bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ne Capponnetto ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 ne de Bullen ve arkada\u015flar\u013186, e-sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in NRT kullanan sigara i\u00e7enlerin yard\u0131ms\u0131z veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yard\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclenlerin \u00f6tesinde b\u0131rakma \u00fczerindeki etkilerini bulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakma tedavisinin etkinli\u011fini belirlemede, aktif ila\u00e7 etkili kabul edilir. plasebodan daha iyi performans g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde; bu nedenle, klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan elde edilen bug\u00fcne kadar elde edilen kan\u0131tlar, e-sigaralar\u0131n b\u0131rakma konusunda etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak, nikotinsiz e-sigaralar\u0131n geleneksel sigaralar\u0131n duyusal ve davran\u0131\u015fsal etkilerinin yerini almas\u0131 olas\u0131d\u0131r. Durum b\u00f6yleyse, nikotin olmayan plasebo e-sigara, aktif bir tedavi ko\u015fulu olarak kabul edilir ve daha \u00f6nce tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, yoksunluk semptomlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mevcut ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131, nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck nikotin seviyeleri sa\u011flayan e-sigaralar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve minimum davran\u0131\u015fsal dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. E-sigaralar\u0131n sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmadaki etkinli\u011fini de\u011ferlendiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131, b\u0131rakma tedavisi olarak onaylanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131 ikame olarak kullanmak veya sigaray\u0131 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in herhangi bir terap\u00f6tik talimat\u0131n olmamas\u0131d\u0131r (\u00f6rn. Doz azaltma, s\u00fcre kullan\u0131m, davran\u0131\u015fsal stratejilerle nas\u0131l birle\u015ftirilece\u011fi, devam etmeme k\u0131lavuzu).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Derleme<\/span> yazd\u0131rma sipari\u015fi veya<\/span> di\u011fer t\u00fcm dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/span> talepleriniz i\u00e7in,<\/span> hemen sayfan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki formu doldurarak veya whatsapp destek hatt\u0131m\u0131zdan bize ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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