\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler: Ki\u015fili\u011fin \u0130tici G\u00fc\u00e7leri<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler, ki\u015fili\u011fin temel unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r, davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren ve y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen motive edici g\u00fc\u00e7lerdir. Freud\u2019un bu kavram i\u00e7in Almanca terimi, en iyi \u015fekilde bir itici g\u00fc\u00e7 veya d\u00fcrt\u00fc olarak \u00e7evrilen Trieb’dir. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler, bedenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 zihnin isteklerine ba\u011flayan bir enerji bi\u00e7imidir, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f fizyolojik enerjidir.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler i\u00e7in uyaranlar (\u00f6rne\u011fin a\u00e7l\u0131k veya susuzluk) i\u00e7seldir. V\u00fccutta a\u00e7l\u0131k gibi bir ihtiya\u00e7 uyand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fizyolojik bir uyar\u0131lma veya enerji durumu yarat\u0131r. Zihin bu bedensel enerjiyi bir dile\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ki\u015fiyi ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde davranmaya motive eden i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ya da itici g\u00fc\u00e7 olan bu arzu, fizyolojik ihtiyac\u0131n zihinsel temsili budur. \u00d6rne\u011fin a\u00e7 bir insan, yiyecek arayarak ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in hareket edecektir. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc bedensel durum de\u011fildir; daha ziyade zihinsel bir duruma, bir dile\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bedensel ihtiya\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nV\u00fccut ihtiya\u00e7 halinde oldu\u011funda, ki\u015fi bir gerginlik veya bask\u0131 hissi ya\u015far. Bir i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn amac\u0131, ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ve b\u00f6ylece gerginli\u011fi azaltmakt\u0131r. Freud’un teorisi, bedeni gerilimden uzak tutmak i\u00e7in bir fizyolojik denge veya denge durumunu yeniden kurmaya ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye motive oldu\u011fumuzu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde homeostatik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\nFreud, her zaman belirli bir miktarda i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel gerilimi deneyimledi\u011fimize ve bunu azaltmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli hareket etmemiz gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. D\u0131\u015f \u00e7evremizdeki baz\u0131 can s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 uyaranlardan ka\u00e7abilece\u011fimiz i\u00e7in fizyolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7mak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerimizin, ihtiyac\u0131n azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bir ihtiya\u00e7 d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde her zaman davran\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0130nsanlar ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 yollar izleyebilirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, cinsel d\u00fcrt\u00fc heteroseks\u00fcel davran\u0131\u015f, homoseks\u00fcel davran\u0131\u015f veya oto-cinsel davran\u0131\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir veya cinsel d\u00fcrt\u00fc ba\u015fka bir faaliyet bi\u00e7imine kanalize edilebilir. Freud, psi\u015fik enerjinin nesnelerin yerini almas\u0131 i\u00e7in yer de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc ve bu yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme bir bireyin ki\u015fili\u011fini belirlemede birincil \u00f6neme sahipti. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olsa da, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enerji \u00e7e\u015fitli faaliyetlere yat\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\nBu, insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Yeti\u015fkinler olarak sergiledi\u011fimiz t\u00fcm ilgi, tercih ve tutumlar\u0131n, Freud taraf\u0131ndan, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan orijinal nesnelerden enerjinin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc T\u00fcrleri<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nFreud i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri iki kategoriye ay\u0131rd\u0131: ya\u015fam i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri ve \u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri. Ya\u015fam i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri yiyecek, su, hava ve seks ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak bireyin ve t\u00fcr\u00fcn hayatta kalma amac\u0131na hizmet eder. Ya\u015fam i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve geli\u015fmeye y\u00f6neliktir. Ya\u015fam i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan psi\u015fik enerji libidodur. Libido nesnelere ba\u011flanabilir veya onlara yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131labilir, Freud kavram\u0131 yateksis olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, oda arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131zdan ho\u015flan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Freud, libidonuzun ona ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/span><\/p>\nFreud’un ki\u015filik i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u015fam i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc, geni\u015f terimlerle tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 cinsiyettir. Sadece erotizmden bahsetmedi, neredeyse t\u00fcm zevkli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri i\u00e7eriyordu. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, kabul edilen cinsellik kavram\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek veya geni\u015fletmek olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nBu uzant\u0131 iki y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Birincisi, cinsellik, cinsel organlarla olan \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131ndan kopar ve daha kapsaml\u0131 bir bedensel i\u015flev olarak kabul edilir, amac\u0131 zevk almakt\u0131r ve sadece ikincil olarak yeniden \u00fcretimin ama\u00e7lar\u0131na hizmet etmeye gelir. \u0130kinci olarak, cinsel d\u00fcrt\u00fcler, kullan\u0131m\u0131n son derece anlams\u0131z \u201ca\u015fk\u201d kelimesinin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u015fefkatli ve arkada\u015f\u00e7a d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kabul edilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nFreud, seksi birincil motivasyonumuz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Erotik arzular v\u00fccudun erojen b\u00f6lgelerinden do\u011far: a\u011f\u0131z, an\u00fcs ve seks organlar\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak zevk arayan varl\u0131klar oldu\u011funu ve ki\u015filik teorisinin \u00e7o\u011funun cinsel \u00f6zlemlerimizi engelleme veya bast\u0131rma gereklili\u011fi etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\nYa\u015fam i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerine kar\u015f\u0131t olarak, Freud y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ya da \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00fcrt\u00fclerini varsayd\u0131. Biyolojiden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, orijinal cans\u0131z hallerine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n bilin\u00e7siz bir \u015fekilde \u00f6lmek istediklerini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6l\u00fcm i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin bir bile\u015feni, kendilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki nesnelere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6lme arzusu olarak tan\u0131mlanan sald\u0131rgan d\u00fcrt\u00fcd\u00fcr. Agresif d\u00fcrt\u00fc bizi yok etmeye, fethetmeye ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye zorlar. Freud, sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 seks kadar insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nFreud, kendi deneyimlerinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak, ya\u015fam\u0131n ileri d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Ya\u015f\u0131n fizyolojik ve psikolojik zay\u0131flamalar\u0131na katland\u0131, kanseri k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti ve I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 katliam\u0131na tan\u0131k oldu. K\u0131zlar\u0131ndan biri 26 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc ve iki \u00e7ocuk b\u0131rakt\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olaylar onu derinden etkiledi ve sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00f6l\u00fcm ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131k teorisinde ana temalar haline geldi. Freud, sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131nda kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden korktu ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan ve psikanalitik \u00e7evresini terk eden meslekta\u015flar\u0131na ve \u00f6\u011frencilerine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k, sald\u0131rganl\u0131k ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131k sergiledi.<\/span><\/p>\n\u00d6l\u00fcm i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri kavram\u0131, Freud\u2019un en sad\u0131k takip\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda bile yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bir psikanalist, fikrin \u201ctarihin \u00e7\u00f6p kutusuna at\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d gerekti\u011fini yazd\u0131. Bir di\u011feri, Freud bir dahi ise, \u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin \u00f6nerisinin, k\u00f6t\u00fc bir g\u00fcn ge\u00e7iren bir dahinin bir \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\nKi\u015filik D\u00fczeyleri<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nFreud’un orijinal anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ki\u015fili\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 seviyeye ay\u0131rd\u0131: bilin\u00e7li, \u00f6n bilin\u00e7li ve bilin\u00e7siz. Freud’un tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle bilin\u00e7, onun s\u0131radan g\u00fcndelik anlam\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Herhangi bir anda fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fumuz t\u00fcm hisleri ve deneyimleri i\u00e7erir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bu kelimeleri okurken, kaleminizin hissinin, sayfan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z fikrin ve uzaktan havlayan bir k\u00f6pe\u011fin bilincinde olabilirsiniz.<\/span><\/p>\nFreud, bilincin ki\u015fili\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir y\u00f6n\u00fc oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimizin, duyumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve an\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 her an bilin\u00e7li fark\u0131nda varolur. Zihni bir buzda\u011f\u0131na benzetti. Bilin\u00e7, su y\u00fczeyinin \u00fczerindeki k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r – sadece buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Freud’a g\u00f6re daha \u00f6nemli olan, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczeyin alt\u0131ndaki daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. Psikanalitik teorinin odak noktas\u0131 budur. U\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z karanl\u0131k derinlikleri i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerin, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren istek ve arzular\u0131n yuvas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131, t\u00fcm davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki ana itici g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7erir ve g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz veya kontrol edemedi\u011fimiz g\u00fc\u00e7lerin deposudur.<\/span>\u00a0Bu iki seviye aras\u0131nda \u00f6n bilin\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nBu, \u015fu anda bilin\u00e7li olarak fark\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ama kolayl\u0131kla bilin\u00e7lili\u011fe \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz hat\u0131ralar\u0131n, alg\u0131lar\u0131n ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin deposu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, zihniniz bu sayfadan uzakla\u015f\u0131rsa ve bir arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131z hakk\u0131nda ya da d\u00fcn gece ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flarsan\u0131z, \u00f6n bilincinizdeki materyali bilincinize \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Dikkatimizi s\u0131k s\u0131k an\u0131n deneyimlerinden \u00f6n bilin\u00e7teki olaylara ve an\u0131lara do\u011fru gidip gelirken buluruz.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nPsikoloji \u00f6dev, tez, proje, makale, rapor<\/span> yazd\u0131rma sipari\u015fi veya<\/span> di\u011fer t\u00fcm dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/span> talepleriniz i\u00e7in,<\/span> hemen sayfan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki formu doldurarak veya whatsapp destek hatt\u0131m\u0131zdan bize ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n