Asya K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde Savunma Mekanizmalar\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nBeyaz orta s\u0131n\u0131f hastalar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bir Avrupa ortam\u0131nda savunma mekanizmalar\u0131 kavram\u0131 \u00f6nerilmi\u015f ve geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Savunma mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sonraki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/span><\/p>\nAsyal\u0131lar ve Amerikal\u0131lar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, ABD’deki bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Tayland’da ya\u015fayan bir grup Asyal\u0131 Budist ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Savunma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in bir \u00f6z rapor envanteri olan Ara\u00e7lar Ya\u015fam Tarz\u0131 Endeksi kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, iki k\u00fclt\u00fcrdeki insanlar aras\u0131nda gerileme, tepki olu\u015fumu, yans\u0131tma, bask\u0131, inkar ve tazminat kullan\u0131mlar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir benzerlik buldular.<\/span><\/p>\nD\u00fc\u015fler<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nR\u00fcyalar \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Freud\u2019un k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f veya sembolik bi\u00e7imde r\u00fcyalar\u0131n duygusal kayg\u0131lar\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrini do\u011frulad\u0131. Ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rma, Freud’un \u00f6nerdi\u011fi gibi, r\u00fcyalar\u0131n arzular\u0131n veya arzular\u0131n yerine getirilmesini temsil etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermiyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n\u00d6dip Kompleksi<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nOidipus kompleksinin etkilerini test etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemsel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, 3 ila 6 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131z ve erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ebeveynlerinden, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine y\u00f6nelttikleri sevgi dolu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve sald\u0131rgan veya d\u00fc\u015fmanca davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kaydetmeleri istenmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7lar, kar\u015f\u0131 cinsten ebeveyne y\u00f6nelik \u015fefkat eylemlerinin ve ayn\u0131 cinsten ebeveyne y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131rganl\u0131k g\u00f6sterilerinin ters duruma g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha s\u0131k meydana geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Bu t\u00fcr \u00d6dipal davran\u0131\u015flar 4 ya\u015f civar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ve 5 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nOidipus kompleksi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda analiz edilen r\u00fcyalar, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha fazla erke\u011fin i\u011fdi\u015f edilme kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan r\u00fcyalar bildirdi\u011finden ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha fazla kad\u0131n, k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rma isteklerini veya penis k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan r\u00fcyalar bildirdi\u011finden, Freud’un teorisini destekledi.<\/span><\/p>\nFreud, k\u0131zlarda penis k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, babay\u0131 bir a\u015fk nesnesi olarak g\u00f6rmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc, bu daha sonra bir bebek arzusunun yerini ald\u0131. Bu \u00f6nerinin deneysel bir testinde, \u00fcniversite \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki kad\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, hamilelik temalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 mesajlara maruz kald\u0131lar.<\/span><\/p>\nBir m\u00fcrekkep lekesi testine sonraki yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n, kontrol grubundaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n veya ayn\u0131 uyar\u0131c\u0131ya maruz kalan \u00fcniversite \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki erkek ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha fazla fallik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bulundu. Bu sonu\u00e7lar, Freud\u2019un hamileli\u011fin kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in fallik \u00f6nemi oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\nGaller’de 12-14 ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki 66 erkek ve k\u0131zla yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ebeveynlerine kar\u015f\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirdi. Sonu\u00e7lar, babalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 karars\u0131z olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n (onlar\u0131 hem sevgi hem de nefret kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren), di\u011fer insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 babalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda karars\u0131zl\u0131k hissetmeyen \u00e7ocuklara g\u00f6re daha az g\u00fcvenli bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k sergilediklerini g\u00f6sterdi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu bulgunun, Freud\u2019un, \u00e7ocu\u011fun sonraki ili\u015fkilerini etkilemede baban\u0131n \u00f6nemi konusundaki \u0131srar\u0131n\u0131 destekledi\u011fini belirtti.<\/span><\/p>\nS\u00f6zl\u00fc ve Anal Ki\u015filik Tipleri<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nOral ki\u015filik tipinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Rorschach taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan oral y\u00f6nelim ile obezite aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Bu, Freud’un oral tiplerin yeme ve i\u00e7me ile me\u015fgul oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 destekler. Ba\u015fka bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s\u00f6zl\u00fc ki\u015filik tiplerinin, bir otorite fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nerilerine anal ki\u015filik tiplerinden daha uygun oldu\u011funu bulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\nFreud’a g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zl\u00fc ki\u015filikler ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ve itaatk\u00e2rd\u0131r ve anal ki\u015filiklerden daha uyumlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r; anal tipler d\u00fc\u015fmanca olma e\u011filimindedir ve uygunlu\u011fa direnmeleri beklenebilir. Freud ayr\u0131ca kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkeklerden daha fazla s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti, ancak daha sonra yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar cinsiyetler aras\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir fark bulamad\u0131. Genel olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rma hem s\u00f6zl\u00fc hem de anal ki\u015filik tiplerini destekler. Fallik ki\u015filik tipine dair \u00e7ok az deneysel kan\u0131t vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nSald\u0131rganl\u0131k<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nFreudyen teorinin deneysel teste tabi tutulan bir ba\u015fka y\u00f6n\u00fc, sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel ve evrensel oldu\u011fu fikridir. Freud bu pozisyonu al\u0131rken yaln\u0131z de\u011fildi. Hayvanlar\u0131 do\u011fal \u00e7evrelerinde g\u00f6zlemleyen bilim adamlar\u0131, antropoloji ve psikolojiden elde edilen veriler bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131ksa da, insanlarda ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 hayvanlarda da sald\u0131rgan bir i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Antropologlar, baz\u0131 s\u00f6zde ilkel k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerdeki insanlar\u0131n sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015flar sergilemediklerini g\u00f6zlemlediler. Sald\u0131rgan bir i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan psikologlar, sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler.<\/span><\/p>\n\u00d6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tetikleyebilse de, bunu her zaman yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 agresif tepkiler, e\u011fitimle de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. Bu fikir sald\u0131rganl\u0131kta \u00f6\u011frenmenin rol\u00fcn\u00fc destekler. Psikolog Albert Bandura, sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir\u00e7ok sosyal davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz \u015fekilde, \u00f6zellikle di\u011fer insanlardaki sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyerek ve g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerimizi taklit ederek \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimizi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\nYa\u015f ve Ki\u015filik Geli\u015fimi<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nFreud, ki\u015fili\u011fin yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 ya\u015f\u0131nda olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve daha sonra \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fime tabi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Zaman i\u00e7inde ki\u015filik geli\u015fimi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, okul \u00f6ncesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filik \u00f6zelliklerinin, 6 ila 7 y\u0131l boyunca y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen takip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi dramatik bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, orta \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n (7-12 ya\u015f) yeti\u015fkin ki\u015filik kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda erken \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nemli olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n\u00dcnl\u00fc \u00e7ocuk geli\u015fim psikolo\u011fu Jerome Kagan, literat\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi ve ki\u015fili\u011fin erken d\u00f6nem ebeveyn-\u00e7ocuk etkile\u015fimlerinden \u00e7ok daha sonraki \u00e7ocukluktaki miza\u00e7 ve deneyimlere ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131. Hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilk 5 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011fimizi etkiledi\u011fini inkar etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa da, ki\u015fili\u011fin bu zaman\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde geli\u015fmeye devam etti\u011fi art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nFreudcu Kayma<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\nSon olarak, Freudcu kavramlar \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131za genel bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda, me\u015fhur Freudcu kaymaya geliyoruz. Freud’a g\u00f6re, s\u0131radan bir unutma ya da konu\u015fmadaki ge\u00e7ici bir hata gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u015fey, asl\u0131nda bilin\u00e7siz anlar\u0131n ya da kayg\u0131lar\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nBu fenomeni test etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, iki grup erkek ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131na ayn\u0131 kelime \u00e7iftlerinin bilgisayar ekran\u0131nda parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterildi. Bir zil \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kelimeleri y\u00fcksek sesle s\u00f6ylemeleri istendi. Bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131na elektrotlar tak\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ve deney s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 bir elektrik \u015foku alacaklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylendi. Bu durum, kayg\u0131 yaratman\u0131n deneysel bir yoluydu. \u0130kinci ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 grubunda, deneyci \u00e7ekici, seksi giyinmi\u015f bir kad\u0131nd\u0131. Bu gruba cinsel kayg\u0131 testi verildi.<\/span><\/p>\nElektrik \u00e7arpmas\u0131ndan endi\u015felenen ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, ekrandaki s\u00f6zler sahte oldu\u011funda lanet olas\u0131 \u015fok gibi s\u00f6zl\u00fc kaymalar yapt\u0131lar. Cinsel anksiyete durumundaki ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, kulu\u00e7ka yuvalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gibi s\u00f6zl\u00fc kaymalardaki kayg\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu. Cinsel anksiyete testinde y\u00fcksek puan alanlar, en y\u00fcksek say\u0131da cinsiyetle ilgili Freudcu kayma yapt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nKontrol grubundaki erkekler ayn\u0131 kelimelere maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 halde ne kayg\u0131 uyand\u0131ran duruma maruz kald\u0131larsa s\u00f6zl\u00fc not almam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Elbette ki, konu\u015fmadaki t\u00fcm hatalar Freud\u00e7u hatalar de\u011fildir, ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar g\u00f6steriyor ki, en az\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 Freud’un s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi olabilir, kendilerini utan\u00e7 verici \u015fekillerde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vuran gizli kayg\u0131lar vard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nPsikoloji \u00f6dev, tez, proje, makale, rapor<\/span> yazd\u0131rma sipari\u015fi veya<\/span> di\u011fer t\u00fcm dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/span> talepleriniz i\u00e7in,<\/span> hemen sayfan\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki formu doldurarak veya whatsapp destek hatt\u0131m\u0131zdan bize ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n