{"id":3148,"date":"2021-01-01T11:21:38","date_gmt":"2021-01-01T08:21:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=3148"},"modified":"2021-01-01T11:21:38","modified_gmt":"2021-01-01T08:21:38","slug":"felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/","title":{"rendered":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais&#8217;in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l, bu t\u00fcr bir anlay\u0131\u015f sa\u011flayan teorilere y\u00f6nelik bir\u00e7ok modern giri\u015fimin do\u011fu\u015funa tan\u0131k oldu, \u015fimdi Rousseau, Smith, Bentham, Hegel, Marx ve Freud gibi isimlerle ili\u015fkilendirilen teoriler . Bu t\u00fcr teoriler insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya ve ayn\u0131 zamanda onu bazen radikal bir \u015fekilde \u00a0d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ak\u0131l, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tan\u0131ma kapasitesidir, ancak esas olarak i\u00e7inde hareket etme kapasitesidir ve ak\u0131l ayn\u0131 zamanda topluma y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, ayd\u0131nlanma ideallerini liberlik, e\u015fitlik ve karde\u015flik ideallerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">On sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu, liberal anayasac\u0131l\u0131k ve cumhuriyet\u00e7ili\u011fin dini hiyerar\u015fi ve hurafelerle desteklenen geleneksel do\u011fum aristokrasilerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131. On dokuzuncu ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, esas olarak ekonomik s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve cinsiyete dayal\u0131 bask\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir m\u00fccadele bi\u00e7imini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ayd\u0131nlanma gelene\u011finin bu m\u00fccadelelerdeki ba\u015far\u0131 sicili en iyi ihtimalle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131kta g\u00f6r\u00fclen Dumarsais&#8217;in s\u0131radan insandan farkl\u0131 olarak ideal filozof portresi, rasyonel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi bir ya\u015fam olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kolektif bir sosyal ya\u015fam) keskin bir z\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7inde duran bir ideal olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finin bir kabul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kendimizi i\u00e7inde buldu\u011fumuz s\u0131radan hayata, burada \u00f6nemli olan mant\u0131k ve kendi kendini \u015feffaf d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ileti\u015fim ve halk\u0131n ruhuna sahip topluluk de\u011fil, sadece g\u00fc\u00e7, zenginlik ve g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u00e7in k\u00f6r rekabetin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kolektif \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sistemidir. ileti\u015fim bi\u00e7imlerinin giderek artan bir \u015fekilde yaln\u0131zca, her zamankinden daha \u00f6zel olarak egemen g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na sunulan alet veya silah bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 prestijdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Bu de\u011ferlendirmeler do\u011frudan &#8220;Felsefe nedir?&#8221; Sorusunun analitik (veya ele\u015ftirel) de\u011ferlendirmesine i\u015faret etmektedir. Soruyu \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyerek de\u011ferlendirmemi tamamlamak i\u00e7in gerekli olan bu ele\u015ftirinin burada \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre ertelendi\u011fini itiraf ediyorum, \u015f\u00fcphesiz felsefeye olan d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bnoktas\u0131 Dumarsais&#8217;in ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin toplumdan ve toplum i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu, felsefenin sosyalli\u011fimizden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ona ait olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Yine de felsefe olarak ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, bireylerin bireysel m\u00fclkiyeti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, hatta ili\u015fkisiz olma su\u00e7lamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerini savunmas\u0131 gereken birka\u00e7 tuhaf ki\u015filer i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir (filozof).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ayd\u0131nlanma felsefeyi ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin sosyal bir aktivitesi olarak kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile, onu ger\u00e7ek sosyal ya\u015famdan ayr\u0131 bir aktivite olarak anlad\u0131 ona ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc kazanmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan ama ayn\u0131 zamanda yapay ve aciz g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine neden olan bir izolasyondur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Kant ve Alman Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, felsefenin toplumsal taraf\u0131 Gelehrten&#8217;in iliydi &#8220;akademisyenler&#8221; veya &#8220;bilgili&#8221; insanlar, halka a\u00e7\u0131k bir forumda birbirlerine basit\u00e7e rasyonel bireyler, bilgili bireyler olarak hitap etmekte \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan insanlard\u0131. alenen, eylemleri ve konu\u015fmalar\u0131 da \u00f6zel ki\u015fi olarak kabul edildiklerinde devlete ve mesleklerine olan g\u00f6revleri taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131s\u0131tlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Kant&#8217;\u0131n Ayd\u0131nlanma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 arkada\u015f\u0131 Hamann&#8217;\u0131n, &#8220;akl\u0131n kamusal kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131&#8221; yaln\u0131zca akl\u0131n \u00f6zel kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015finin &#8220;g\u00fcnl\u00fck ekme\u011fini&#8221; sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra tad\u0131na var\u0131lacak &#8220;g\u00f6rkemli bir tatl\u0131&#8221; olarak nitelendirerek bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hicret etmesi zor de\u011fildi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">\u00d6yleyse felsefe, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pratik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc hedefleyen ancak esasen o d\u00fcnyadan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak kalan bir ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme bi\u00e7imi olarak kabul edilir. Felsefe kendi diyalekti\u011fine yenik d\u00fc\u015fer: ne oldu\u011funu anlamak, neden asla ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<span style=\"color: #008000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ele\u015ftirel<\/a> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Felsefe&#8221; ve Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme k\u0131sa<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Ele\u015ftirel olma felsefe<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydalar<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000\">Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ayd\u0131nlanma felsefesinin bu ele\u015ftirisi, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin daha moda olan di\u011fer ele\u015ftirileri gibi, Ayd\u0131nlanma taraf\u0131ndan zaten a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rameau&#8217;nun Ye\u011feni&#8217;nin parlak hiciv diyalogunda Denis Diderot, Ayd\u0131nlanma filozofuyla (g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte Diderot&#8217;un kendisi), k\u0131skan\u00e7 ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f bir m\u00fczisyenin (ancak birinci s\u0131n\u0131f bir zeka ve sosyal dalkavuk) karanl\u0131k, ironik yans\u0131malar\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">\u00dcnl\u00fc besteci Rameau&#8217;nun ye\u011feni, zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan az \u00f6nce d\u0131\u015fland\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn savunmas\u0131z bir an\u0131nda, sosyal patronunu k\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Daha gen\u00e7 Rameau, filozofun \u00e7evresinde buldu\u011fu yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131 temsil eder, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini filozoftan \u00e7ok daha net g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Dahas\u0131, felsefenin temel bo\u015flu\u011funu, faydas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015fan\u0131rken ger\u00e7ek hayatla ilgisizli\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ahlak\u00e7\u0131 filozof, Rameau&#8217;nun t\u00fcm sosyal \u00e7evreden ancak b\u00f6ylesine ak\u0131ll\u0131ca ve anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde analizinden uzak durabilir, ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Rameau&#8217;nun sayg\u0131s\u0131z, ahlak d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ele\u015ftirisini e\u015fit derecede k\u0131nayabilir. Kendisi olan Rameau&#8217;ya gelince, filozofun her \u015feyi oldu\u011fu gibi kabul etmenin \u00f6tesinde tavsiyede bulunabilece\u011fi hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yoktur ve hatta Rameau&#8217;ya k\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 telafi etmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Hi\u00e7 kimse Diderot&#8217;un Rameau&#8217;nun Ye\u011fenini yazarken akl\u0131nda ne oldu\u011fundan emin olamaz. Ancak ondan \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm dersler, filozofun modern toplumdaki sosyal rol\u00fcn\u00fcn derinden sorunlu oldu\u011fu ve Ayd\u0131nlanma felsefesinin hem ki\u015fisel hayata hem de sosyal reforma m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran ahlaki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Filozofun hayat\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan rasyonel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, felsefenin sosyal rol\u00fcn\u00fc ve i\u015flevini anlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir sosyal ger\u00e7eklik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi ve buna y\u00f6nelik pratik bir y\u00f6nelime yol a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece her zaman kusurlu kalacakt\u0131r. yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 akl\u0131n hedeflerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ger\u00e7ekliktir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Ayd\u0131nlanma gelene\u011finin geli\u015fiminde daha sonraki bir a\u015famadaki kelime da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rsak ve felsefenin esasen ideoloji oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylersek, felsefe hakk\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m kritik noktay\u0131 en iyi \u015fekilde ortaya koyabiliriz. Bununla Marx&#8217;\u0131n kastetti\u011fi \u015feyi kastediyorum: Toplumsal pratikten ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektir, bu nedenle, kendi temel amac\u0131na, yani kendi kendine \u015feffaf rasyonel eylem asla ula\u015famaz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Felsefe, ya mevcut toplumsal d\u00fczeni gizleyerek onaylamaya ya da bu d\u00fczene onu kavrayan ve reddeden, ancak onu de\u011fi\u015ftirme g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayan ele\u015ftirel bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olarak durmaya mahkumdur. Erken d\u00f6nem Marx, felsefeyi yads\u0131maman\u0131n de\u011fil, onu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmenin pratik i\u00e7in oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken bunu en iyi \u015fekilde ifade etti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif\">Bunu Gen\u00e7 Hejenizm dilinden kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m daha \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f dile \u00e7evirirsek, bunun anlam\u0131, ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ancak modern toplumda \u015fimdiye kadar oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden sosyal rolleri oynamaya son verirse eyleme y\u00f6n verebilece\u011fidir. ve bunun yerine toplumu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren sosyal hareketin bir y\u00f6n\u00fc haline gelir. Filozoflar d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yaln\u0131zca farkl\u0131 yorumlad\u0131lar, \u00f6nemli olan onu de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais&#8217;in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci&hellip; <br \/> <a class=\"button small blue\" href=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/\">Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3149,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5033,5029,5030,5027,5028,5026,5031,5032],"tags":[5034,2363,5037,5039,5038,5040,5036,5035],"class_list":["post-3148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elestirel-dusunme","category-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-2","category-elestirel-dusunme-ozellikleri","category-elestirel-dusunmenin-sagladigi-faydalar","category-elestirel-olma-felsefe","category-felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev","category-felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-ozellikleri","category-felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-kisa","tag-elestirel-dusunme","tag-elestirel-dusunme-nedir","tag-elestirel-dusunme-ozellikleri","tag-elestirel-dusunmenin-sagladigi-faydalar","tag-elestirel-olma-felsefe","tag-felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev","tag-felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-ozellikleri","tag-felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-kisa"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.4.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais&#039;in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. 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Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais&#039;in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-01T08:21:38+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-01T08:21:38+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais&#039;in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"Felsefenin Ayd\\u0131nlanma Ele\\u015ftirisi \\u2013 Felsefe \\u00dczerine Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rmalar \\u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\\u0131 Nelerdir? \\u2013 Felsefe Nas\\u0131l \\u0130ncelenir- Nas\\u0131l Ele Al\\u0131n\\u0131r? \\u2013 Felsefe Alan\\u0131nda \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma \\u2013 \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma Fiyatlar\\u0131 | En \\u0130yi Essay\",\"headline\":\"Felsefenin Ayd\\u0131nlanma Ele\\u015ftirisi \\u2013 Felsefe \\u00dczerine Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rmalar \\u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\\u0131 Nelerdir? \\u2013 Felsefe Nas\\u0131l \\u0130ncelenir- Nas\\u0131l Ele Al\\u0131n\\u0131r? \\u2013 Felsefe Alan\\u0131nda \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma \\u2013 \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma Fiyatlar\\u0131\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/tercuman32\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/diyalektik-felsefe-nedir.jpg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":400,\"caption\":\"Hempel ve Oppenheim Kesinti Modelinin ba\\u015far\\u0131l\\u0131 bir uygulamas\\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\\u00e7in iki ko\\u015ful yerine getirilmelidir: \\uf731) ko\\u015fullu \\u00f6nc\\u00fcl ger\\u00e7ek bir yasa olmal\\u0131d\\u0131r ve \\uf732) ba\\u015flang\\u0131\\u00e7 \\u200b\\u200bko\\u015fullar\\u0131 ve s\\u0131n\\u0131r ko\\u015fullar\\u0131 hakk\\u0131nda \\uf731 ila \\uf737 aras\\u0131ndaki ifadeler do\\u011fru olmal\\u0131d\\u0131r.\\n\\nHempel ve Oppenheim, t\\u00fcmdengelimli a\\u00e7\\u0131klama modeline ili\\u015fkin tart\\u0131\\u015fmalar\\u0131 s\\u0131ras\\u0131nda, pek \\u00e7ok ger\\u00e7ek bilimsel a\\u00e7\\u0131klaman\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelim modeline uymad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131 belirtmeye dikkat ettiler. \\u0130statistiksel yasalara dayanan bir\\u00e7ok a\\u00e7\\u0131klama i\\u00e7in durum budur. Hempel'in sonraki bir denemede verdi\\u011fi bir \\u00f6rnek:\\n\\nStreptococcus enfeksiyonu olan hastalar\\u0131n y\\u00fcksek bir y\\u00fczdesi penisilin verildikten sonraki \\uf732\\uf734 saat i\\u00e7inde iyile\\u015fir.\\nJones bir streptococcus enfeksiyonu ge\\u00e7irdi ve penisilin verildi.\\nJones, penisilin ald\\u0131ktan sonra \\uf732\\uf734 saat i\\u00e7inde streptococcus enfeksiyonundan kurtuldu.\\nBu a\\u00e7\\u0131klay\\u0131c\\u0131 arg\\u00fcman\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelim g\\u00fcc\\u00fc yoktur. Aksine, \\u00f6nc\\u00fcller sonuca yaln\\u0131zca g\\u00fc\\u00e7l\\u00fc t\\u00fcmevar\\u0131msal destek sa\\u011flar. *\\nHempel, b\\u00f6ylelikle genel yasalar kapsam\\u0131ndaki kapsam\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\\u00fcmevar\\u0131ml\\u0131 olarak ba\\u015far\\u0131labilece\\u011fini kabul etti. Bununla birlikte, kabul edilebilir her bilimsel a\\u00e7\\u0131klaman\\u0131n, genel yasalar alt\\u0131nda bir a\\u00e7\\u0131klaman\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\\u00fcmevar\\u0131msal kapsam\\u0131n\\u0131 i\\u00e7erdi\\u011fini tutarl\\u0131 bir \\u015fekilde savundu.\\n\\nTesad\\u00fcfi Genellemeler\\n\\nOrtodoks g\\u00f6r\\u00fc\\u015fe g\\u00f6re, ba\\u015far\\u0131l\\u0131 bir bilimsel a\\u00e7\\u0131klama, a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131n\\u0131 genel yasalara dahil eder. Fakat belirli bir durumda \\u00f6nc\\u00fcllerin yasalar\\u0131 i\\u00e7erdi\\u011finden nas\\u0131l emin olabiliriz? A\\u015fa\\u011f\\u0131daki arg\\u00fcman\\u0131 ye\\u015fil alev testi sonucunun bilimsel bir a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131 olarak kabul ediyoruz.\\n\\n\\u0130ki arg\\u00fcman ayn\\u0131 bi\\u00e7ime sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, ilk arg\\u00fcman a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131n\\u0131 iyi niyetli bir yasa alt\\u0131nda toplarken, ikinci arg\\u00fcman a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131n\\u0131 \\\"sadece tesad\\u00fcfi\\\" bir genelleme alt\\u0131nda tamamlar.\\n\\nOrtodoks teorisyenler, Hume\\u2019un bilimsel yasalar konusundaki g\\u00f6r\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcn\\u00fc kabul ettiler. \\u00d6rne\\u011fin, R. B. Braithwaite, Hume'un tezinin temel k\\u0131sm\\u0131na kat\\u0131ld\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131m\\u0131 a\\u00e7\\u0131klad\\u0131 - hukukun evrensellerinin nesnel olarak yaln\\u0131zca olgunun evrenselleri oldu\\u011funu ve do\\u011fada gerekli ba\\u011flant\\u0131ya ait fazladan bir unsur olmad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131 iddia eden k\\u0131s\\u0131m.\\n\\nAncak Braithwaite, Humean hukuk analizinde zorluklar oldu\\u011funu kaydetti. Bir zorluk, Humean analizinin kanun benzeri t\\u00fcmeller ile tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\\u0131ndaki ayr\\u0131m\\u0131 bulan\\u0131kla\\u015ft\\u0131rmas\\u0131d\\u0131r.\\n\\n\\u0130ki benzer sarka\\u00e7l\\u0131 saatin \\uf739\\uf730 \\u00b0 faz d\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131 olacak \\u015fekilde d\\u00fczenlendi\\u011fini ve b\\u00f6ylece iki saatin tiklerinin sabit s\\u0131ral\\u0131 birle\\u015fimde oldu\\u011funu varsayal\\u0131m. Bilimsel yasalar, s\\u00fcrekli ba\\u011flant\\u0131l\\u0131 ifadelerden ba\\u015fka bir \\u015fey de\\u011filse, o zaman a\\u015fa\\u011f\\u0131daki ifade bir yasa olurdu:\\n\\nT\\u00fcm x'ler i\\u00e7in, e\\u011fer x saatin bir tik tak\\u0131ysa \\uf731, o zaman x bir tik i\\u015faretidir ve ard\\u0131ndan saat 2'nin bir tik i\\u015faretidir.\\n\\u015eimdi iki saatin sarka\\u00e7lar\\u0131n\\u0131n tutukland\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131 varsayal\\u0131m. \\\"Yasa\\\", ger\\u00e7e\\u011fin tam tersi ko\\u015fullu \\\"E\\u011fer saat tick \\u00e7al\\u0131\\u015facak olsayd\\u0131, o zaman bu tik i\\u015faretini bir saat t\\u0131klamas\\u0131 \\uf732\\\" izler miydi? Muhtemelen hay\\u0131r.\\n\\nOlas\\u0131l\\u0131kl\\u0131 ve Olas\\u0131l\\u0131kl\\u0131 olmayan \\u00d6rnekleme t\\u00fcrlerinin benzerlikleri ve farkl\\u0131l\\u0131klar\\u0131\\nOlas\\u0131l\\u0131kl\\u0131 \\u00d6rnekleme Y\\u00f6ntemleri\\nAma\\u00e7l\\u0131 \\u00d6rnekleme\\nBasit rastgele \\u00d6rnekleme\\nKota \\u00d6rnekleme\\n\\u00d6rnekleme Y\\u00f6ntemleri Ders Notlar\\u0131\\n\\u00d6rnekleme \\u00e7er\\u00e7evesi\\nMakalede \\u00f6rneklem nedir\\n\\n\\u00d6te yandan, \\u201cger\\u00e7ek bilimsel kanunlar\\u201d ger\\u00e7e\\u011fe ayk\\u0131r\\u0131 \\u015fart c\\u00fcmlelerini destekler. \\\"Baryumdan etkilenen t\\u00fcm alevler ye\\u015fildir\\\" iddias\\u0131, \\\"e\\u011fer bu alev baryumdan etkilenmi\\u015f bir alev olsayd\\u0131, o zaman ye\\u015fil olurdu.\\n\\nDahas\\u0131, bir tak\\u0131m \\u00f6nemli bilimsel yasalar, var olmayan idealize edilmi\\u015f durumlara at\\u0131fta bulunduklar\\u0131 i\\u00e7in, hi\\u00e7 de s\\u00fcrekli ba\\u011fla\\u00e7larla ilgili g\\u00f6r\\u00fcnmemektedir. \\u0130deal Gaz Yasas\\u0131 bu t\\u00fcrden bir yasad\\u0131r. Molek\\u00fcllerin s\\u0131f\\u0131r uzama ve s\\u0131f\\u0131r molek\\u00fcller aras\\u0131 kuvvet alanlar\\u0131na sahip oldu\\u011fu gazlar olmasa da, b\\u00f6yle bir gaz olsayd\\u0131, bas\\u0131nc\\u0131, hacmi ve s\\u0131cakl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 ile ili\\u015fkilendirilirdi.\\n\\n\\u00d6yleyse, hukuka benzer t\\u00fcmeller ile tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\\u0131nda ilk bak\\u0131\\u015fta bir fark vard\\u0131r. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, ger\\u00e7e\\u011fe ayk\\u0131r\\u0131 ko\\u015fullan destekler; tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller bunu yapmaz. Peki bu ba\\u011flamda \\\"destek\\\" ne anlama geliyor?\\n\\nBraithwaite'e g\\u00f6re, bu \\\"destek\\\", hukuk benzeri evrensel ile \\u00fcst d\\u00fczey genellemelerin t\\u00fcmdengelimli ili\\u015fkisinden kaynaklanmaktad\\u0131r. E\\u011fer h, yerle\\u015fik bir t\\u00fcmdengelim sisteminde h'nin kendisi i\\u00e7in do\\u011frudan kan\\u0131t olmayan ampirik kan\\u0131tlarla desteklenen daha y\\u00fcksek seviyeli hipotezlerden bir \\u00e7\\u0131kar\\u0131m olarak ortaya \\u00e7\\u0131karsa, evrensel bir ko\\u015fullu h'nin yasaya benzer oldu\\u011funu \\u00f6ne s\\u00fcrd\\u00fc.\\n\\nBaryum alev rengi genellemesi, atom teorisinin varsay\\u0131mlar\\u0131n\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelimli bir sonucudur. Ve bu varsay\\u0131mlar i\\u00e7in kapsaml\\u0131 do\\u011frulay\\u0131c\\u0131 kan\\u0131tlar var (baryumdan etkilenen alevlerin renginin \\u00fcst\\u00fcnde ve \\u00fcst\\u00fcnde). \\u0130ki saat hakk\\u0131ndaki genelleme i\\u00e7in b\\u00f6yle bir t\\u00fcmdengelimli ili\\u015fki bilinmemektedir.\\n\\nErnest Nagel, ayn\\u0131 \\u015fekilde, bilimsel yasalar konusunda Hume'cu bir tavr\\u0131 savundu. Hukuka benzer genellemelerin, \\u201cgereklilik\\u201d ve \\u201colas\\u0131l\\u0131k\\u201d gibi modal kavramlara at\\u0131fta bulunulmaks\\u0131z\\u0131n tesad\\u00fcfi genellemelerden ay\\u0131rt edilebilece\\u011fini ileri s\\u00fcrm\\u00fc\\u015ft\\u00fcr.\\n\\nNagel, kanun benzeri t\\u00fcmellerin d\\u00f6rt \\u00f6zelli\\u011fini s\\u0131ralad\\u0131:\\n\\n1. Bir evrensel, yaln\\u0131zca bo\\u015f bir \\u015fekilde do\\u011fru oldu\\u011fu i\\u00e7in hukuka benzer bir stat\\u00fc kazanmaz. Marsl\\u0131 yoksa, \\\"T\\u00fcm Marsl\\u0131lar ye\\u015fildir\\\" demek do\\u011frudur. Ancak bu \\u015fekilde elde edilen hakikat, bir beyana hukuka benzer bir stat\\u00fc kazand\\u0131rmaz.\\nElbette, bo\\u015f yere do\\u011fru kanunlar var. Ancak yasalar olarak stat\\u00fcleri, bilimsel bir teoride di\\u011fer yasalarla mant\\u0131ksal ili\\u015fkileriyle belirlenir.\\n\\n2. Evrensel gibi bir \\u00f6ng\\u00f6r\\u00fcn\\u00fcn kapsam\\u0131, daha fazla b\\u00fcy\\u00fctme i\\u00e7in kapal\\u0131 de\\u011fildir. Aksine, tesad\\u00fcfi bir evrenselin tahmin kapsam\\u0131n\\u0131n genellikle kapal\\u0131 oldu\\u011fu bilinmektedir. Buradaki bir \\u00f6rnek, \\\"Cebimdeki t\\u00fcm madeni paralar bak\\u0131r i\\u00e7eriyor.\\\"\\n\\n\\n3. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, \\u00f6nc\\u00fcl ve sonu\\u00e7ta ortaya \\u00e7\\u0131kan ko\\u015fullar\\u0131 sa\\u011flayan bireyleri uzay veya zaman\\u0131n belirli b\\u00f6lgeleri ile s\\u0131n\\u0131rland\\u0131rmaz.\\n\\n4. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, genellikle, ayn\\u0131 bilimsel t\\u00fcmdengelim sistemindeki di\\u011fer yasalar\\u0131 do\\u011frudan destekleyen kan\\u0131tlardan dolayl\\u0131 destek al\\u0131rlar. \\u00d6rne\\u011fin, L1, L2 ve L3 yasalar\\u0131 yorumlanan bir aksiyom sistemi i\\u00e7inde birlikte t\\u00fcretilebilirse, L2 ve L3'\\u00fc do\\u011frudan destekleyen kan\\u0131t L1 i\\u00e7in dolayl\\u0131 destek sa\\u011flar. \\u00d6rne\\u011fin, Boyle Yasas\\u0131, Charles Yasas\\u0131 ve Graham'\\u0131n Yay\\u0131lma Yasas\\u0131, gazlar\\u0131n kinetik teorisindeki t\\u00fcmdengelimli sonu\\u00e7lar oldu\\u011fundan, Boyle Yasas\\u0131, Charles Yasas\\u0131n\\u0131 veya Graham Yasas\\u0131n\\u0131 do\\u011frulayan kan\\u0131tlarla dolayl\\u0131 olarak do\\u011frulanm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller, aksine, bu t\\u00fcr dolayl\\u0131 deste\\u011fi almazlar.\\n\\nBilimsel Hipotezlerin Do\\u011frulanmas\\u0131\\n\\nHempel, bilimsel bir hipotezin de\\u011ferlendirilmesinde \\u00fc\\u00e7 a\\u015fama oldu\\u011funu \\u00f6ne s\\u00fcrd\\u00fc:\\n\\n1. G\\u00f6zlemlerin veya deneylerin sonu\\u00e7lar\\u0131n\\u0131 belirten g\\u00f6zlem raporlar\\u0131 toplamak;\\n2. Bu g\\u00f6zlem raporlar\\u0131n\\u0131n hipotezi do\\u011frulay\\u0131p onaylamad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131ndan, onaylamad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131ndan veya tarafs\\u0131z olup olmad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131ndan emin olmak; ve\\n3. Bu do\\u011frulay\\u0131c\\u0131 veya do\\u011frulay\\u0131c\\u0131 kan\\u0131t\\u0131n \\u0131\\u015f\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131nda hipotez hakk\\u0131ndaki yarg\\u0131y\\u0131 kabul edip etmeme, reddetme veya ask\\u0131ya alma karar\\u0131 vermek.\"},\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme \\u00f6zellikleri, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnmenin sa\\u011flad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 faydalar, Ele\\u015ftirel olma felsefe, Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir k\\u0131saca eodev, Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme \\u00f6zellikleri, Felsefe'' ve Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme k\\u0131sa, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir?, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme \\u00f6zellikleri, Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnmenin sa\\u011flad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 faydalar, Ele\\u015ftirel olma felsefe, Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir k\\u0131saca eodev, Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme \\u00f6zellikleri, Felsefe'' ve Ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme k\\u0131sa\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Ev\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/category\\\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir k\\u0131saca eodev\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/category\\\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir k\\u0131saca eodev\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/category\\\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Felsefenin Ayd\\u0131nlanma Ele\\u015ftirisi \\u2013 Felsefe \\u00dczerine Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rmalar \\u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\\u0131 Nelerdir? \\u2013 Felsefe Nas\\u0131l \\u0130ncelenir- Nas\\u0131l Ele Al\\u0131n\\u0131r? \\u2013 Felsefe Alan\\u0131nda \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma \\u2013 \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma Fiyatlar\\u0131\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr#listItem\",\"name\":\"Ev\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Felsefenin Ayd\\u0131nlanma Ele\\u015ftirisi \\u2013 Felsefe \\u00dczerine Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rmalar \\u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\\u0131 Nelerdir? \\u2013 Felsefe Nas\\u0131l \\u0130ncelenir- Nas\\u0131l Ele Al\\u0131n\\u0131r? \\u2013 Felsefe Alan\\u0131nda \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma \\u2013 \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma Fiyatlar\\u0131\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/category\\\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Felsefe ve ele\\u015ftirel d\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnme nedir k\\u0131saca eodev\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Essay Yapt\\u0131rma\",\"description\":\"bestessayhomework@gmail.com - Bize Mail Kanal\\u0131m\\u0131zdan veya sa\\u011f alt k\\u00f6\\u015fedeki Whatsapp tu\\u015fundan Ula\\u015f\\u0131n - 0 (312) 276 75 93 -Essay Yapt\\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yazd\\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yapt\\u0131rma, \\u00dccretli Essay, \\u00dccretli Essay Yapt\\u0131rma, Profesyonel Essay Yapt\\u0131rma,   Essay Projesi Yapt\\u0131r, Essay \\u00d6dev Yard\\u0131m\\u0131 Al, Essay D\\u00fczenleme, Essay Projesi Yapt\\u0131r,   Essay Sepeti, Essay Fiyat Teklifi Al, Essay Dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131k, Essay Ar\\u015fivleri, Essay Kategorisi,   Essay Yazd\\u0131rmak, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti, Essay Sunum, Essay \\u00c7eviri, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti,   \\u00dccretli Essay Yazd\\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Essay Yazma, \\u00d6dev Yazd\\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\\u0131rmak \\u0130stiyorum,   Research Paper Yazd\\u0131rmak, Argumentative Essay Topics, Cause Effect Essay \\u00d6rnekleri, Classification Essay, Essay \\u00c7e\\u015fitleri,   Essay Rehberi, Opinion Essay Examples, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma, Kompozisyon Yazd\\u0131rma, Parayla Makale Yazd\\u0131rma,   Parayla Kompozisyon Yazd\\u0131rma, \\u00dccretli Makale, \\u00dccretli Kompozisyon, Profesyonel Makale Yapt\\u0131rma, Profesyonel Kompozisyon Yapt\\u0131rma,   Makale Projesi Yapt\\u0131r, Makale \\u00d6dev Yard\\u0131m\\u0131 Al, Makale D\\u00fczenleme, Makale Projesi Yapt\\u0131r, Makale Sepeti,   Makale Fiyat Teklifi Al, Makale Dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131k, Makale Ar\\u015fivleri, Makale Kategorisi, Makale Yazd\\u0131rmak, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti,   Makale Sunum, Makale \\u00c7eviri, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti, \\u00dccretli Makale Yazd\\u0131rma, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Makale Yazma, Makale Sepeti,  Makale Yazd\\u0131rmak \\u0130stiyorum, \\u00d6dev Dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131, \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma, Tez Yazd\\u0131rma, Makale YAZDIRMA siteleri, Parayla makale YAZDIRMA, Seo makale fiyatlar\\u0131, Sayfa ba\\u015f\\u0131 yaz\\u0131 yazma \\u00fccreti, \\u0130ngilizce makale yazd\\u0131rma, Akademik makale YAZDIRMA, Makale Fiyatlar\\u0131 2022, Makale yazma, Blog Yazd\\u0131rma, Blog Yazd\\u0131rmak \\u0130stiyorum, Essay yazma Uygulamas\\u0131, Essay Yazma sitesi, \\u0130ngilizce metin yazma sitesi, Writing yazma sitesi, Essay d\\u00fczeltici, Essay Kontrol ettirme, Gramer kontrol, \\u0130ngilizce Gramer d\\u00fczeltme uygulamas\\u0131, \\u0130ngilizce c\\u00fcmle d\\u00fczeltme sitesi, Essay kontrol siteleri, Tez Yapt\\u0131rma, Seo Uyumlu Blog Yapt\\u0131rma 0 (312) 276 75 93\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/\",\"telephone\":\"+905423712952\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/10.webp\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":720},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#organizationLogo\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/tercuman32\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/tercuman32\\\/\",\"name\":\"terc\\u00fcman terc\\u00fcman\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/litespeed\\\/avatar\\\/86c38c20b2eb3a1c431511229f015304.jpg?ver=1773154028\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/\",\"name\":\"Felsefenin Ayd\\u0131nlanma Ele\\u015ftirisi \\u2013 Felsefe \\u00dczerine Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rmalar \\u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\\u0131 Nelerdir? \\u2013 Felsefe Nas\\u0131l \\u0130ncelenir- Nas\\u0131l Ele Al\\u0131n\\u0131r? \\u2013 Felsefe Alan\\u0131nda \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma \\u2013 \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma Fiyatlar\\u0131 | En \\u0130yi Essay\",\"description\":\"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\\u00e7ek insanlara at\\u0131fta bulunabilece\\u011fi \\u00f6l\\u00e7\\u00fcde, asla di\\u011fer insanlardan \\u00e7ok farkl\\u0131 de\\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\\u0131n s\\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\\u0131 oldu\\u011funu de\\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\\u011funu s\\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais'in \\u00f6zr\\u00fcn\\u00fcn \\u00f6z\\u00fcn\\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\\u011ferlerinin ger\\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\\u0131nlanma y\\u00fczy\\u0131l\\u0131 oldu\\u011fu s\\u00fcrece, on sekizinci\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/tercuman32\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/tercuman32\\\/#author\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/diyalektik-felsefe-nedir.jpg\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#mainImage\",\"width\":600,\"height\":400,\"caption\":\"Hempel ve Oppenheim Kesinti Modelinin ba\\u015far\\u0131l\\u0131 bir uygulamas\\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\\u00e7in iki ko\\u015ful yerine getirilmelidir: \\uf731) ko\\u015fullu \\u00f6nc\\u00fcl ger\\u00e7ek bir yasa olmal\\u0131d\\u0131r ve \\uf732) ba\\u015flang\\u0131\\u00e7 \\u200b\\u200bko\\u015fullar\\u0131 ve s\\u0131n\\u0131r ko\\u015fullar\\u0131 hakk\\u0131nda \\uf731 ila \\uf737 aras\\u0131ndaki ifadeler do\\u011fru olmal\\u0131d\\u0131r.\\n\\nHempel ve Oppenheim, t\\u00fcmdengelimli a\\u00e7\\u0131klama modeline ili\\u015fkin tart\\u0131\\u015fmalar\\u0131 s\\u0131ras\\u0131nda, pek \\u00e7ok ger\\u00e7ek bilimsel a\\u00e7\\u0131klaman\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelim modeline uymad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131 belirtmeye dikkat ettiler. \\u0130statistiksel yasalara dayanan bir\\u00e7ok a\\u00e7\\u0131klama i\\u00e7in durum budur. Hempel'in sonraki bir denemede verdi\\u011fi bir \\u00f6rnek:\\n\\nStreptococcus enfeksiyonu olan hastalar\\u0131n y\\u00fcksek bir y\\u00fczdesi penisilin verildikten sonraki \\uf732\\uf734 saat i\\u00e7inde iyile\\u015fir.\\nJones bir streptococcus enfeksiyonu ge\\u00e7irdi ve penisilin verildi.\\nJones, penisilin ald\\u0131ktan sonra \\uf732\\uf734 saat i\\u00e7inde streptococcus enfeksiyonundan kurtuldu.\\nBu a\\u00e7\\u0131klay\\u0131c\\u0131 arg\\u00fcman\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelim g\\u00fcc\\u00fc yoktur. Aksine, \\u00f6nc\\u00fcller sonuca yaln\\u0131zca g\\u00fc\\u00e7l\\u00fc t\\u00fcmevar\\u0131msal destek sa\\u011flar. *\\nHempel, b\\u00f6ylelikle genel yasalar kapsam\\u0131ndaki kapsam\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\\u00fcmevar\\u0131ml\\u0131 olarak ba\\u015far\\u0131labilece\\u011fini kabul etti. Bununla birlikte, kabul edilebilir her bilimsel a\\u00e7\\u0131klaman\\u0131n, genel yasalar alt\\u0131nda bir a\\u00e7\\u0131klaman\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\\u00fcmevar\\u0131msal kapsam\\u0131n\\u0131 i\\u00e7erdi\\u011fini tutarl\\u0131 bir \\u015fekilde savundu.\\n\\nTesad\\u00fcfi Genellemeler\\n\\nOrtodoks g\\u00f6r\\u00fc\\u015fe g\\u00f6re, ba\\u015far\\u0131l\\u0131 bir bilimsel a\\u00e7\\u0131klama, a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131n\\u0131 genel yasalara dahil eder. Fakat belirli bir durumda \\u00f6nc\\u00fcllerin yasalar\\u0131 i\\u00e7erdi\\u011finden nas\\u0131l emin olabiliriz? A\\u015fa\\u011f\\u0131daki arg\\u00fcman\\u0131 ye\\u015fil alev testi sonucunun bilimsel bir a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131 olarak kabul ediyoruz.\\n\\n\\u0130ki arg\\u00fcman ayn\\u0131 bi\\u00e7ime sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, ilk arg\\u00fcman a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131n\\u0131 iyi niyetli bir yasa alt\\u0131nda toplarken, ikinci arg\\u00fcman a\\u00e7\\u0131klamas\\u0131n\\u0131 \\\"sadece tesad\\u00fcfi\\\" bir genelleme alt\\u0131nda tamamlar.\\n\\nOrtodoks teorisyenler, Hume\\u2019un bilimsel yasalar konusundaki g\\u00f6r\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcn\\u00fc kabul ettiler. \\u00d6rne\\u011fin, R. B. Braithwaite, Hume'un tezinin temel k\\u0131sm\\u0131na kat\\u0131ld\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131m\\u0131 a\\u00e7\\u0131klad\\u0131 - hukukun evrensellerinin nesnel olarak yaln\\u0131zca olgunun evrenselleri oldu\\u011funu ve do\\u011fada gerekli ba\\u011flant\\u0131ya ait fazladan bir unsur olmad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131 iddia eden k\\u0131s\\u0131m.\\n\\nAncak Braithwaite, Humean hukuk analizinde zorluklar oldu\\u011funu kaydetti. Bir zorluk, Humean analizinin kanun benzeri t\\u00fcmeller ile tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\\u0131ndaki ayr\\u0131m\\u0131 bulan\\u0131kla\\u015ft\\u0131rmas\\u0131d\\u0131r.\\n\\n\\u0130ki benzer sarka\\u00e7l\\u0131 saatin \\uf739\\uf730 \\u00b0 faz d\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131 olacak \\u015fekilde d\\u00fczenlendi\\u011fini ve b\\u00f6ylece iki saatin tiklerinin sabit s\\u0131ral\\u0131 birle\\u015fimde oldu\\u011funu varsayal\\u0131m. Bilimsel yasalar, s\\u00fcrekli ba\\u011flant\\u0131l\\u0131 ifadelerden ba\\u015fka bir \\u015fey de\\u011filse, o zaman a\\u015fa\\u011f\\u0131daki ifade bir yasa olurdu:\\n\\nT\\u00fcm x'ler i\\u00e7in, e\\u011fer x saatin bir tik tak\\u0131ysa \\uf731, o zaman x bir tik i\\u015faretidir ve ard\\u0131ndan saat 2'nin bir tik i\\u015faretidir.\\n\\u015eimdi iki saatin sarka\\u00e7lar\\u0131n\\u0131n tutukland\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131 varsayal\\u0131m. \\\"Yasa\\\", ger\\u00e7e\\u011fin tam tersi ko\\u015fullu \\\"E\\u011fer saat tick \\u00e7al\\u0131\\u015facak olsayd\\u0131, o zaman bu tik i\\u015faretini bir saat t\\u0131klamas\\u0131 \\uf732\\\" izler miydi? Muhtemelen hay\\u0131r.\\n\\nOlas\\u0131l\\u0131kl\\u0131 ve Olas\\u0131l\\u0131kl\\u0131 olmayan \\u00d6rnekleme t\\u00fcrlerinin benzerlikleri ve farkl\\u0131l\\u0131klar\\u0131\\nOlas\\u0131l\\u0131kl\\u0131 \\u00d6rnekleme Y\\u00f6ntemleri\\nAma\\u00e7l\\u0131 \\u00d6rnekleme\\nBasit rastgele \\u00d6rnekleme\\nKota \\u00d6rnekleme\\n\\u00d6rnekleme Y\\u00f6ntemleri Ders Notlar\\u0131\\n\\u00d6rnekleme \\u00e7er\\u00e7evesi\\nMakalede \\u00f6rneklem nedir\\n\\n\\u00d6te yandan, \\u201cger\\u00e7ek bilimsel kanunlar\\u201d ger\\u00e7e\\u011fe ayk\\u0131r\\u0131 \\u015fart c\\u00fcmlelerini destekler. \\\"Baryumdan etkilenen t\\u00fcm alevler ye\\u015fildir\\\" iddias\\u0131, \\\"e\\u011fer bu alev baryumdan etkilenmi\\u015f bir alev olsayd\\u0131, o zaman ye\\u015fil olurdu.\\n\\nDahas\\u0131, bir tak\\u0131m \\u00f6nemli bilimsel yasalar, var olmayan idealize edilmi\\u015f durumlara at\\u0131fta bulunduklar\\u0131 i\\u00e7in, hi\\u00e7 de s\\u00fcrekli ba\\u011fla\\u00e7larla ilgili g\\u00f6r\\u00fcnmemektedir. \\u0130deal Gaz Yasas\\u0131 bu t\\u00fcrden bir yasad\\u0131r. Molek\\u00fcllerin s\\u0131f\\u0131r uzama ve s\\u0131f\\u0131r molek\\u00fcller aras\\u0131 kuvvet alanlar\\u0131na sahip oldu\\u011fu gazlar olmasa da, b\\u00f6yle bir gaz olsayd\\u0131, bas\\u0131nc\\u0131, hacmi ve s\\u0131cakl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 ile ili\\u015fkilendirilirdi.\\n\\n\\u00d6yleyse, hukuka benzer t\\u00fcmeller ile tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\\u0131nda ilk bak\\u0131\\u015fta bir fark vard\\u0131r. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, ger\\u00e7e\\u011fe ayk\\u0131r\\u0131 ko\\u015fullan destekler; tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller bunu yapmaz. Peki bu ba\\u011flamda \\\"destek\\\" ne anlama geliyor?\\n\\nBraithwaite'e g\\u00f6re, bu \\\"destek\\\", hukuk benzeri evrensel ile \\u00fcst d\\u00fczey genellemelerin t\\u00fcmdengelimli ili\\u015fkisinden kaynaklanmaktad\\u0131r. E\\u011fer h, yerle\\u015fik bir t\\u00fcmdengelim sisteminde h'nin kendisi i\\u00e7in do\\u011frudan kan\\u0131t olmayan ampirik kan\\u0131tlarla desteklenen daha y\\u00fcksek seviyeli hipotezlerden bir \\u00e7\\u0131kar\\u0131m olarak ortaya \\u00e7\\u0131karsa, evrensel bir ko\\u015fullu h'nin yasaya benzer oldu\\u011funu \\u00f6ne s\\u00fcrd\\u00fc.\\n\\nBaryum alev rengi genellemesi, atom teorisinin varsay\\u0131mlar\\u0131n\\u0131n t\\u00fcmdengelimli bir sonucudur. Ve bu varsay\\u0131mlar i\\u00e7in kapsaml\\u0131 do\\u011frulay\\u0131c\\u0131 kan\\u0131tlar var (baryumdan etkilenen alevlerin renginin \\u00fcst\\u00fcnde ve \\u00fcst\\u00fcnde). \\u0130ki saat hakk\\u0131ndaki genelleme i\\u00e7in b\\u00f6yle bir t\\u00fcmdengelimli ili\\u015fki bilinmemektedir.\\n\\nErnest Nagel, ayn\\u0131 \\u015fekilde, bilimsel yasalar konusunda Hume'cu bir tavr\\u0131 savundu. Hukuka benzer genellemelerin, \\u201cgereklilik\\u201d ve \\u201colas\\u0131l\\u0131k\\u201d gibi modal kavramlara at\\u0131fta bulunulmaks\\u0131z\\u0131n tesad\\u00fcfi genellemelerden ay\\u0131rt edilebilece\\u011fini ileri s\\u00fcrm\\u00fc\\u015ft\\u00fcr.\\n\\nNagel, kanun benzeri t\\u00fcmellerin d\\u00f6rt \\u00f6zelli\\u011fini s\\u0131ralad\\u0131:\\n\\n1. Bir evrensel, yaln\\u0131zca bo\\u015f bir \\u015fekilde do\\u011fru oldu\\u011fu i\\u00e7in hukuka benzer bir stat\\u00fc kazanmaz. Marsl\\u0131 yoksa, \\\"T\\u00fcm Marsl\\u0131lar ye\\u015fildir\\\" demek do\\u011frudur. Ancak bu \\u015fekilde elde edilen hakikat, bir beyana hukuka benzer bir stat\\u00fc kazand\\u0131rmaz.\\nElbette, bo\\u015f yere do\\u011fru kanunlar var. Ancak yasalar olarak stat\\u00fcleri, bilimsel bir teoride di\\u011fer yasalarla mant\\u0131ksal ili\\u015fkileriyle belirlenir.\\n\\n2. Evrensel gibi bir \\u00f6ng\\u00f6r\\u00fcn\\u00fcn kapsam\\u0131, daha fazla b\\u00fcy\\u00fctme i\\u00e7in kapal\\u0131 de\\u011fildir. Aksine, tesad\\u00fcfi bir evrenselin tahmin kapsam\\u0131n\\u0131n genellikle kapal\\u0131 oldu\\u011fu bilinmektedir. Buradaki bir \\u00f6rnek, \\\"Cebimdeki t\\u00fcm madeni paralar bak\\u0131r i\\u00e7eriyor.\\\"\\n\\n\\n3. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, \\u00f6nc\\u00fcl ve sonu\\u00e7ta ortaya \\u00e7\\u0131kan ko\\u015fullar\\u0131 sa\\u011flayan bireyleri uzay veya zaman\\u0131n belirli b\\u00f6lgeleri ile s\\u0131n\\u0131rland\\u0131rmaz.\\n\\n4. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, genellikle, ayn\\u0131 bilimsel t\\u00fcmdengelim sistemindeki di\\u011fer yasalar\\u0131 do\\u011frudan destekleyen kan\\u0131tlardan dolayl\\u0131 destek al\\u0131rlar. \\u00d6rne\\u011fin, L1, L2 ve L3 yasalar\\u0131 yorumlanan bir aksiyom sistemi i\\u00e7inde birlikte t\\u00fcretilebilirse, L2 ve L3'\\u00fc do\\u011frudan destekleyen kan\\u0131t L1 i\\u00e7in dolayl\\u0131 destek sa\\u011flar. \\u00d6rne\\u011fin, Boyle Yasas\\u0131, Charles Yasas\\u0131 ve Graham'\\u0131n Yay\\u0131lma Yasas\\u0131, gazlar\\u0131n kinetik teorisindeki t\\u00fcmdengelimli sonu\\u00e7lar oldu\\u011fundan, Boyle Yasas\\u0131, Charles Yasas\\u0131n\\u0131 veya Graham Yasas\\u0131n\\u0131 do\\u011frulayan kan\\u0131tlarla dolayl\\u0131 olarak do\\u011frulanm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Tesad\\u00fcfi evrenseller, aksine, bu t\\u00fcr dolayl\\u0131 deste\\u011fi almazlar.\\n\\nBilimsel Hipotezlerin Do\\u011frulanmas\\u0131\\n\\nHempel, bilimsel bir hipotezin de\\u011ferlendirilmesinde \\u00fc\\u00e7 a\\u015fama oldu\\u011funu \\u00f6ne s\\u00fcrd\\u00fc:\\n\\n1. G\\u00f6zlemlerin veya deneylerin sonu\\u00e7lar\\u0131n\\u0131 belirten g\\u00f6zlem raporlar\\u0131 toplamak;\\n2. Bu g\\u00f6zlem raporlar\\u0131n\\u0131n hipotezi do\\u011frulay\\u0131p onaylamad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131ndan, onaylamad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131ndan veya tarafs\\u0131z olup olmad\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131ndan emin olmak; ve\\n3. Bu do\\u011frulay\\u0131c\\u0131 veya do\\u011frulay\\u0131c\\u0131 kan\\u0131t\\u0131n \\u0131\\u015f\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131nda hipotez hakk\\u0131ndaki yarg\\u0131y\\u0131 kabul edip etmeme, reddetme veya ask\\u0131ya alma karar\\u0131 vermek.\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\\\/#mainImage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/\",\"name\":\"En \\u0130yi Essay\",\"description\":\"bestessayhomework@gmail.com - Bize Mail Kanal\\u0131m\\u0131zdan veya sa\\u011f alt k\\u00f6\\u015fedeki Whatsapp tu\\u015fundan Ula\\u015f\\u0131n - 0 (312) 276 75 93 -Essay Yapt\\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yazd\\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yapt\\u0131rma, \\u00dccretli Essay, \\u00dccretli Essay Yapt\\u0131rma, Profesyonel Essay Yapt\\u0131rma,   Essay Projesi Yapt\\u0131r, Essay \\u00d6dev Yard\\u0131m\\u0131 Al, Essay D\\u00fczenleme, Essay Projesi Yapt\\u0131r,   Essay Sepeti, Essay Fiyat Teklifi Al, Essay Dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131k, Essay Ar\\u015fivleri, Essay Kategorisi,   Essay Yazd\\u0131rmak, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti, Essay Sunum, Essay \\u00c7eviri, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti,   \\u00dccretli Essay Yazd\\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Essay Yazma, \\u00d6dev Yazd\\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\\u0131rmak \\u0130stiyorum,   Research Paper Yazd\\u0131rmak, Argumentative Essay Topics, Cause Effect Essay \\u00d6rnekleri, Classification Essay, Essay \\u00c7e\\u015fitleri,   Essay Rehberi, Opinion Essay Examples, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma, Kompozisyon Yazd\\u0131rma, Parayla Makale Yazd\\u0131rma,   Parayla Kompozisyon Yazd\\u0131rma, \\u00dccretli Makale, \\u00dccretli Kompozisyon, Profesyonel Makale Yapt\\u0131rma, Profesyonel Kompozisyon Yapt\\u0131rma,   Makale Projesi Yapt\\u0131r, Makale \\u00d6dev Yard\\u0131m\\u0131 Al, Makale D\\u00fczenleme, Makale Projesi Yapt\\u0131r, Makale Sepeti,   Makale Fiyat Teklifi Al, Makale Dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131k, Makale Ar\\u015fivleri, Makale Kategorisi, Makale Yazd\\u0131rmak, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti,   Makale Sunum, Makale \\u00c7eviri, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma \\u00dccreti, \\u00dccretli Makale Yazd\\u0131rma, Makale Yazd\\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Makale Yazma, Makale Sepeti,  Makale Yazd\\u0131rmak \\u0130stiyorum, \\u00d6dev Dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131, \\u00d6dev Yapt\\u0131rma, Tez Yazd\\u0131rma, Makale YAZDIRMA siteleri, Parayla makale YAZDIRMA, Seo makale fiyatlar\\u0131, Sayfa ba\\u015f\\u0131 yaz\\u0131 yazma \\u00fccreti, \\u0130ngilizce makale yazd\\u0131rma, Akademik makale YAZDIRMA, Makale Fiyatlar\\u0131 2022, Makale yazma, Blog Yazd\\u0131rma, Blog Yazd\\u0131rmak \\u0130stiyorum, Essay yazma Uygulamas\\u0131, Essay Yazma sitesi, \\u0130ngilizce metin yazma sitesi, Writing yazma sitesi, Essay d\\u00fczeltici, Essay Kontrol ettirme, Gramer kontrol, \\u0130ngilizce Gramer d\\u00fczeltme uygulamas\\u0131, \\u0130ngilizce c\\u00fcmle d\\u00fczeltme sitesi, Essay kontrol siteleri, Tez Yapt\\u0131rma, Seo Uyumlu Blog Yapt\\u0131rma\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bestessayhomework.com\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro -->\r\n\t\t<title>Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay<\/title>\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay","description":"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais'in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci","canonical_url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme,ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir?,ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri,ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydalar,ele\u015ftirel olma felsefe,felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev,felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri,felsefe\\'\\' ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme k\u0131sa,ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir","webmasterTools":{"google-site-verification":"_Do0m5hW5EZGn6W1I0rvGqv6s_5Fr6nHI8Uj9qTWHMM","miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#article","name":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay","headline":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/author\/tercuman32\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/#organization"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/diyalektik-felsefe-nedir.jpg","width":600,"height":400,"caption":"Hempel ve Oppenheim Kesinti Modelinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir uygulamas\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in iki ko\u015ful yerine getirilmelidir: \uf731) ko\u015fullu \u00f6nc\u00fcl ger\u00e7ek bir yasa olmal\u0131d\u0131r ve \uf732) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bko\u015fullar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \uf731 ila \uf737 aras\u0131ndaki ifadeler do\u011fru olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n\nHempel ve Oppenheim, t\u00fcmdengelimli a\u00e7\u0131klama modeline ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, pek \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelim modeline uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeye dikkat ettiler. \u0130statistiksel yasalara dayanan bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131klama i\u00e7in durum budur. Hempel'in sonraki bir denemede verdi\u011fi bir \u00f6rnek:\n\nStreptococcus enfeksiyonu olan hastalar\u0131n y\u00fcksek bir y\u00fczdesi penisilin verildikten sonraki \uf732\uf734 saat i\u00e7inde iyile\u015fir.\nJones bir streptococcus enfeksiyonu ge\u00e7irdi ve penisilin verildi.\nJones, penisilin ald\u0131ktan sonra \uf732\uf734 saat i\u00e7inde streptococcus enfeksiyonundan kurtuldu.\nBu a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 arg\u00fcman\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelim g\u00fcc\u00fc yoktur. Aksine, \u00f6nc\u00fcller sonuca yaln\u0131zca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal destek sa\u011flar. *\nHempel, b\u00f6ylelikle genel yasalar kapsam\u0131ndaki kapsam\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\u00fcmevar\u0131ml\u0131 olarak ba\u015far\u0131labilece\u011fini kabul etti. Bununla birlikte, kabul edilebilir her bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n, genel yasalar alt\u0131nda bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal kapsam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde savundu.\n\nTesad\u00fcfi Genellemeler\n\nOrtodoks g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klama, a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 genel yasalara dahil eder. Fakat belirli bir durumda \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin yasalar\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011finden nas\u0131l emin olabiliriz? A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki arg\u00fcman\u0131 ye\u015fil alev testi sonucunun bilimsel bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olarak kabul ediyoruz.\n\n\u0130ki arg\u00fcman ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7ime sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, ilk arg\u00fcman a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 iyi niyetli bir yasa alt\u0131nda toplarken, ikinci arg\u00fcman a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 \"sadece tesad\u00fcfi\" bir genelleme alt\u0131nda tamamlar.\n\nOrtodoks teorisyenler, Hume\u2019un bilimsel yasalar konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ettiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, R. B. Braithwaite, Hume'un tezinin temel k\u0131sm\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 - hukukun evrensellerinin nesnel olarak yaln\u0131zca olgunun evrenselleri oldu\u011funu ve do\u011fada gerekli ba\u011flant\u0131ya ait fazladan bir unsur olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden k\u0131s\u0131m.\n\nAncak Braithwaite, Humean hukuk analizinde zorluklar oldu\u011funu kaydetti. Bir zorluk, Humean analizinin kanun benzeri t\u00fcmeller ile tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r.\n\n\u0130ki benzer sarka\u00e7l\u0131 saatin \uf739\uf730 \u00b0 faz d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylece iki saatin tiklerinin sabit s\u0131ral\u0131 birle\u015fimde oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Bilimsel yasalar, s\u00fcrekli ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ifadelerden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011filse, o zaman a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ifade bir yasa olurdu:\n\nT\u00fcm x'ler i\u00e7in, e\u011fer x saatin bir tik tak\u0131ysa \uf731, o zaman x bir tik i\u015faretidir ve ard\u0131ndan saat 2'nin bir tik i\u015faretidir.\n\u015eimdi iki saatin sarka\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. \"Yasa\", ger\u00e7e\u011fin tam tersi ko\u015fullu \"E\u011fer saat tick \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak olsayd\u0131, o zaman bu tik i\u015faretini bir saat t\u0131klamas\u0131 \uf732\" izler miydi? Muhtemelen hay\u0131r.\n\nOlas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve Olas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olmayan \u00d6rnekleme t\u00fcrlerinin benzerlikleri ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131\nOlas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00d6rnekleme Y\u00f6ntemleri\nAma\u00e7l\u0131 \u00d6rnekleme\nBasit rastgele \u00d6rnekleme\nKota \u00d6rnekleme\n\u00d6rnekleme Y\u00f6ntemleri Ders Notlar\u0131\n\u00d6rnekleme \u00e7er\u00e7evesi\nMakalede \u00f6rneklem nedir\n\n\u00d6te yandan, \u201cger\u00e7ek bilimsel kanunlar\u201d ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fart c\u00fcmlelerini destekler. \"Baryumdan etkilenen t\u00fcm alevler ye\u015fildir\" iddias\u0131, \"e\u011fer bu alev baryumdan etkilenmi\u015f bir alev olsayd\u0131, o zaman ye\u015fil olurdu.\n\nDahas\u0131, bir tak\u0131m \u00f6nemli bilimsel yasalar, var olmayan idealize edilmi\u015f durumlara at\u0131fta bulunduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, hi\u00e7 de s\u00fcrekli ba\u011fla\u00e7larla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. \u0130deal Gaz Yasas\u0131 bu t\u00fcrden bir yasad\u0131r. Molek\u00fcllerin s\u0131f\u0131r uzama ve s\u0131f\u0131r molek\u00fcller aras\u0131 kuvvet alanlar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu gazlar olmasa da, b\u00f6yle bir gaz olsayd\u0131, bas\u0131nc\u0131, hacmi ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirilirdi.\n\n\u00d6yleyse, hukuka benzer t\u00fcmeller ile tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\u0131nda ilk bak\u0131\u015fta bir fark vard\u0131r. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 ko\u015fullan destekler; tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller bunu yapmaz. Peki bu ba\u011flamda \"destek\" ne anlama geliyor?\n\nBraithwaite'e g\u00f6re, bu \"destek\", hukuk benzeri evrensel ile \u00fcst d\u00fczey genellemelerin t\u00fcmdengelimli ili\u015fkisinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer h, yerle\u015fik bir t\u00fcmdengelim sisteminde h'nin kendisi i\u00e7in do\u011frudan kan\u0131t olmayan ampirik kan\u0131tlarla desteklenen daha y\u00fcksek seviyeli hipotezlerden bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131karsa, evrensel bir ko\u015fullu h'nin yasaya benzer oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.\n\nBaryum alev rengi genellemesi, atom teorisinin varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimli bir sonucudur. Ve bu varsay\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131tlar var (baryumdan etkilenen alevlerin renginin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde). \u0130ki saat hakk\u0131ndaki genelleme i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir t\u00fcmdengelimli ili\u015fki bilinmemektedir.\n\nErnest Nagel, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, bilimsel yasalar konusunda Hume'cu bir tavr\u0131 savundu. Hukuka benzer genellemelerin, \u201cgereklilik\u201d ve \u201colas\u0131l\u0131k\u201d gibi modal kavramlara at\u0131fta bulunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n tesad\u00fcfi genellemelerden ay\u0131rt edilebilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\n\nNagel, kanun benzeri t\u00fcmellerin d\u00f6rt \u00f6zelli\u011fini s\u0131ralad\u0131:\n\n1. Bir evrensel, yaln\u0131zca bo\u015f bir \u015fekilde do\u011fru oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hukuka benzer bir stat\u00fc kazanmaz. Marsl\u0131 yoksa, \"T\u00fcm Marsl\u0131lar ye\u015fildir\" demek do\u011frudur. Ancak bu \u015fekilde elde edilen hakikat, bir beyana hukuka benzer bir stat\u00fc kazand\u0131rmaz.\nElbette, bo\u015f yere do\u011fru kanunlar var. Ancak yasalar olarak stat\u00fcleri, bilimsel bir teoride di\u011fer yasalarla mant\u0131ksal ili\u015fkileriyle belirlenir.\n\n2. Evrensel gibi bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131, daha fazla b\u00fcy\u00fctme i\u00e7in kapal\u0131 de\u011fildir. Aksine, tesad\u00fcfi bir evrenselin tahmin kapsam\u0131n\u0131n genellikle kapal\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Buradaki bir \u00f6rnek, \"Cebimdeki t\u00fcm madeni paralar bak\u0131r i\u00e7eriyor.\"\n\n\n3. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, \u00f6nc\u00fcl ve sonu\u00e7ta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flayan bireyleri uzay veya zaman\u0131n belirli b\u00f6lgeleri ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaz.\n\n4. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, genellikle, ayn\u0131 bilimsel t\u00fcmdengelim sistemindeki di\u011fer yasalar\u0131 do\u011frudan destekleyen kan\u0131tlardan dolayl\u0131 destek al\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, L1, L2 ve L3 yasalar\u0131 yorumlanan bir aksiyom sistemi i\u00e7inde birlikte t\u00fcretilebilirse, L2 ve L3'\u00fc do\u011frudan destekleyen kan\u0131t L1 i\u00e7in dolayl\u0131 destek sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Boyle Yasas\u0131, Charles Yasas\u0131 ve Graham'\u0131n Yay\u0131lma Yasas\u0131, gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisindeki t\u00fcmdengelimli sonu\u00e7lar oldu\u011fundan, Boyle Yasas\u0131, Charles Yasas\u0131n\u0131 veya Graham Yasas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayan kan\u0131tlarla dolayl\u0131 olarak do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller, aksine, bu t\u00fcr dolayl\u0131 deste\u011fi almazlar.\n\nBilimsel Hipotezlerin Do\u011frulanmas\u0131\n\nHempel, bilimsel bir hipotezin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fama oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc:\n\n1. G\u00f6zlemlerin veya deneylerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirten g\u00f6zlem raporlar\u0131 toplamak;\n2. Bu g\u00f6zlem raporlar\u0131n\u0131n hipotezi do\u011frulay\u0131p onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan veya tarafs\u0131z olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak; ve\n3. Bu do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 veya do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131t\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hipotez hakk\u0131ndaki yarg\u0131y\u0131 kabul edip etmeme, reddetme veya ask\u0131ya alma karar\u0131 vermek."},"datePublished":"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00","dateModified":"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00","inLanguage":"tr-TR","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydalar, Ele\u015ftirel olma felsefe, Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev, Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri, Felsefe'' ve Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme k\u0131sa, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir?, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri, Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydalar, Ele\u015ftirel olma felsefe, Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev, Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zellikleri, Felsefe'' ve Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme k\u0131sa"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr#listItem","position":1,"name":"Ev","item":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/category\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\/#listItem","name":"Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/category\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev","item":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/category\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#listItem","name":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr#listItem","name":"Ev"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/category\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\/#listItem","name":"Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/#organization","name":"Essay Yapt\u0131rma","description":"bestessayhomework@gmail.com - Bize Mail Kanal\u0131m\u0131zdan veya sa\u011f alt k\u00f6\u015fedeki Whatsapp tu\u015fundan Ula\u015f\u0131n - 0 (312) 276 75 93 -Essay Yapt\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yapt\u0131rma, \u00dccretli Essay, \u00dccretli Essay Yapt\u0131rma, Profesyonel Essay Yapt\u0131rma,   Essay Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Essay \u00d6dev Yard\u0131m\u0131 Al, Essay D\u00fczenleme, Essay Projesi Yapt\u0131r,   Essay Sepeti, Essay Fiyat Teklifi Al, Essay Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, Essay Ar\u015fivleri, Essay Kategorisi,   Essay Yazd\u0131rmak, Essay Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti, Essay Sunum, Essay \u00c7eviri, Essay Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti,   \u00dccretli Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Essay Yazma, \u00d6dev Yazd\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum,   Research Paper Yazd\u0131rmak, Argumentative Essay Topics, Cause Effect Essay \u00d6rnekleri, Classification Essay, Essay \u00c7e\u015fitleri,   Essay Rehberi, Opinion Essay Examples, Makale Yazd\u0131rma, Kompozisyon Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Makale Yazd\u0131rma,   Parayla Kompozisyon Yazd\u0131rma, \u00dccretli Makale, \u00dccretli Kompozisyon, Profesyonel Makale Yapt\u0131rma, Profesyonel Kompozisyon Yapt\u0131rma,   Makale Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Makale \u00d6dev Yard\u0131m\u0131 Al, Makale D\u00fczenleme, Makale Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Makale Sepeti,   Makale Fiyat Teklifi Al, Makale Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, Makale Ar\u015fivleri, Makale Kategorisi, Makale Yazd\u0131rmak, Makale Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti,   Makale Sunum, Makale \u00c7eviri, Makale Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti, \u00dccretli Makale Yazd\u0131rma, Makale Yazd\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Makale Yazma, Makale Sepeti,  Makale Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum, \u00d6dev Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma, Tez Yazd\u0131rma, Makale YAZDIRMA siteleri, Parayla makale YAZDIRMA, Seo makale fiyatlar\u0131, Sayfa ba\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131 yazma \u00fccreti, \u0130ngilizce makale yazd\u0131rma, Akademik makale YAZDIRMA, Makale Fiyatlar\u0131 2022, Makale yazma, Blog Yazd\u0131rma, Blog Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum, Essay yazma Uygulamas\u0131, Essay Yazma sitesi, \u0130ngilizce metin yazma sitesi, Writing yazma sitesi, Essay d\u00fczeltici, Essay Kontrol ettirme, Gramer kontrol, \u0130ngilizce Gramer d\u00fczeltme uygulamas\u0131, \u0130ngilizce c\u00fcmle d\u00fczeltme sitesi, Essay kontrol siteleri, Tez Yapt\u0131rma, Seo Uyumlu Blog Yapt\u0131rma 0 (312) 276 75 93","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/","telephone":"+905423712952","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#organizationLogo","width":1280,"height":720},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#organizationLogo"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/author\/tercuman32\/#author","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/author\/tercuman32\/","name":"terc\u00fcman terc\u00fcman","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/86c38c20b2eb3a1c431511229f015304.jpg?ver=1773154028"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/","name":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay","description":"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais'in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci","inLanguage":"tr-TR","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/author\/tercuman32\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/author\/tercuman32\/#author"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/diyalektik-felsefe-nedir.jpg","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#mainImage","width":600,"height":400,"caption":"Hempel ve Oppenheim Kesinti Modelinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir uygulamas\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in iki ko\u015ful yerine getirilmelidir: \uf731) ko\u015fullu \u00f6nc\u00fcl ger\u00e7ek bir yasa olmal\u0131d\u0131r ve \uf732) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bko\u015fullar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \uf731 ila \uf737 aras\u0131ndaki ifadeler do\u011fru olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n\nHempel ve Oppenheim, t\u00fcmdengelimli a\u00e7\u0131klama modeline ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, pek \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelim modeline uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeye dikkat ettiler. \u0130statistiksel yasalara dayanan bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131klama i\u00e7in durum budur. Hempel'in sonraki bir denemede verdi\u011fi bir \u00f6rnek:\n\nStreptococcus enfeksiyonu olan hastalar\u0131n y\u00fcksek bir y\u00fczdesi penisilin verildikten sonraki \uf732\uf734 saat i\u00e7inde iyile\u015fir.\nJones bir streptococcus enfeksiyonu ge\u00e7irdi ve penisilin verildi.\nJones, penisilin ald\u0131ktan sonra \uf732\uf734 saat i\u00e7inde streptococcus enfeksiyonundan kurtuldu.\nBu a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 arg\u00fcman\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelim g\u00fcc\u00fc yoktur. Aksine, \u00f6nc\u00fcller sonuca yaln\u0131zca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal destek sa\u011flar. *\nHempel, b\u00f6ylelikle genel yasalar kapsam\u0131ndaki kapsam\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\u00fcmevar\u0131ml\u0131 olarak ba\u015far\u0131labilece\u011fini kabul etti. Bununla birlikte, kabul edilebilir her bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n, genel yasalar alt\u0131nda bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimli veya t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal kapsam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde savundu.\n\nTesad\u00fcfi Genellemeler\n\nOrtodoks g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klama, a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 genel yasalara dahil eder. Fakat belirli bir durumda \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin yasalar\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011finden nas\u0131l emin olabiliriz? A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki arg\u00fcman\u0131 ye\u015fil alev testi sonucunun bilimsel bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olarak kabul ediyoruz.\n\n\u0130ki arg\u00fcman ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7ime sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, ilk arg\u00fcman a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 iyi niyetli bir yasa alt\u0131nda toplarken, ikinci arg\u00fcman a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 \"sadece tesad\u00fcfi\" bir genelleme alt\u0131nda tamamlar.\n\nOrtodoks teorisyenler, Hume\u2019un bilimsel yasalar konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ettiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, R. B. Braithwaite, Hume'un tezinin temel k\u0131sm\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 - hukukun evrensellerinin nesnel olarak yaln\u0131zca olgunun evrenselleri oldu\u011funu ve do\u011fada gerekli ba\u011flant\u0131ya ait fazladan bir unsur olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden k\u0131s\u0131m.\n\nAncak Braithwaite, Humean hukuk analizinde zorluklar oldu\u011funu kaydetti. Bir zorluk, Humean analizinin kanun benzeri t\u00fcmeller ile tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r.\n\n\u0130ki benzer sarka\u00e7l\u0131 saatin \uf739\uf730 \u00b0 faz d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylece iki saatin tiklerinin sabit s\u0131ral\u0131 birle\u015fimde oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Bilimsel yasalar, s\u00fcrekli ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ifadelerden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011filse, o zaman a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ifade bir yasa olurdu:\n\nT\u00fcm x'ler i\u00e7in, e\u011fer x saatin bir tik tak\u0131ysa \uf731, o zaman x bir tik i\u015faretidir ve ard\u0131ndan saat 2'nin bir tik i\u015faretidir.\n\u015eimdi iki saatin sarka\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. \"Yasa\", ger\u00e7e\u011fin tam tersi ko\u015fullu \"E\u011fer saat tick \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak olsayd\u0131, o zaman bu tik i\u015faretini bir saat t\u0131klamas\u0131 \uf732\" izler miydi? Muhtemelen hay\u0131r.\n\nOlas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve Olas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olmayan \u00d6rnekleme t\u00fcrlerinin benzerlikleri ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131\nOlas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00d6rnekleme Y\u00f6ntemleri\nAma\u00e7l\u0131 \u00d6rnekleme\nBasit rastgele \u00d6rnekleme\nKota \u00d6rnekleme\n\u00d6rnekleme Y\u00f6ntemleri Ders Notlar\u0131\n\u00d6rnekleme \u00e7er\u00e7evesi\nMakalede \u00f6rneklem nedir\n\n\u00d6te yandan, \u201cger\u00e7ek bilimsel kanunlar\u201d ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fart c\u00fcmlelerini destekler. \"Baryumdan etkilenen t\u00fcm alevler ye\u015fildir\" iddias\u0131, \"e\u011fer bu alev baryumdan etkilenmi\u015f bir alev olsayd\u0131, o zaman ye\u015fil olurdu.\n\nDahas\u0131, bir tak\u0131m \u00f6nemli bilimsel yasalar, var olmayan idealize edilmi\u015f durumlara at\u0131fta bulunduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, hi\u00e7 de s\u00fcrekli ba\u011fla\u00e7larla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. \u0130deal Gaz Yasas\u0131 bu t\u00fcrden bir yasad\u0131r. Molek\u00fcllerin s\u0131f\u0131r uzama ve s\u0131f\u0131r molek\u00fcller aras\u0131 kuvvet alanlar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu gazlar olmasa da, b\u00f6yle bir gaz olsayd\u0131, bas\u0131nc\u0131, hacmi ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirilirdi.\n\n\u00d6yleyse, hukuka benzer t\u00fcmeller ile tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller aras\u0131nda ilk bak\u0131\u015fta bir fark vard\u0131r. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 ko\u015fullan destekler; tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller bunu yapmaz. Peki bu ba\u011flamda \"destek\" ne anlama geliyor?\n\nBraithwaite'e g\u00f6re, bu \"destek\", hukuk benzeri evrensel ile \u00fcst d\u00fczey genellemelerin t\u00fcmdengelimli ili\u015fkisinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer h, yerle\u015fik bir t\u00fcmdengelim sisteminde h'nin kendisi i\u00e7in do\u011frudan kan\u0131t olmayan ampirik kan\u0131tlarla desteklenen daha y\u00fcksek seviyeli hipotezlerden bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131karsa, evrensel bir ko\u015fullu h'nin yasaya benzer oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.\n\nBaryum alev rengi genellemesi, atom teorisinin varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimli bir sonucudur. Ve bu varsay\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131tlar var (baryumdan etkilenen alevlerin renginin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde). \u0130ki saat hakk\u0131ndaki genelleme i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir t\u00fcmdengelimli ili\u015fki bilinmemektedir.\n\nErnest Nagel, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, bilimsel yasalar konusunda Hume'cu bir tavr\u0131 savundu. Hukuka benzer genellemelerin, \u201cgereklilik\u201d ve \u201colas\u0131l\u0131k\u201d gibi modal kavramlara at\u0131fta bulunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n tesad\u00fcfi genellemelerden ay\u0131rt edilebilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\n\nNagel, kanun benzeri t\u00fcmellerin d\u00f6rt \u00f6zelli\u011fini s\u0131ralad\u0131:\n\n1. Bir evrensel, yaln\u0131zca bo\u015f bir \u015fekilde do\u011fru oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hukuka benzer bir stat\u00fc kazanmaz. Marsl\u0131 yoksa, \"T\u00fcm Marsl\u0131lar ye\u015fildir\" demek do\u011frudur. Ancak bu \u015fekilde elde edilen hakikat, bir beyana hukuka benzer bir stat\u00fc kazand\u0131rmaz.\nElbette, bo\u015f yere do\u011fru kanunlar var. Ancak yasalar olarak stat\u00fcleri, bilimsel bir teoride di\u011fer yasalarla mant\u0131ksal ili\u015fkileriyle belirlenir.\n\n2. Evrensel gibi bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131, daha fazla b\u00fcy\u00fctme i\u00e7in kapal\u0131 de\u011fildir. Aksine, tesad\u00fcfi bir evrenselin tahmin kapsam\u0131n\u0131n genellikle kapal\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Buradaki bir \u00f6rnek, \"Cebimdeki t\u00fcm madeni paralar bak\u0131r i\u00e7eriyor.\"\n\n\n3. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, \u00f6nc\u00fcl ve sonu\u00e7ta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flayan bireyleri uzay veya zaman\u0131n belirli b\u00f6lgeleri ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaz.\n\n4. Hukuk benzeri evrenseller, genellikle, ayn\u0131 bilimsel t\u00fcmdengelim sistemindeki di\u011fer yasalar\u0131 do\u011frudan destekleyen kan\u0131tlardan dolayl\u0131 destek al\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, L1, L2 ve L3 yasalar\u0131 yorumlanan bir aksiyom sistemi i\u00e7inde birlikte t\u00fcretilebilirse, L2 ve L3'\u00fc do\u011frudan destekleyen kan\u0131t L1 i\u00e7in dolayl\u0131 destek sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Boyle Yasas\u0131, Charles Yasas\u0131 ve Graham'\u0131n Yay\u0131lma Yasas\u0131, gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisindeki t\u00fcmdengelimli sonu\u00e7lar oldu\u011fundan, Boyle Yasas\u0131, Charles Yasas\u0131n\u0131 veya Graham Yasas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayan kan\u0131tlarla dolayl\u0131 olarak do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tesad\u00fcfi evrenseller, aksine, bu t\u00fcr dolayl\u0131 deste\u011fi almazlar.\n\nBilimsel Hipotezlerin Do\u011frulanmas\u0131\n\nHempel, bilimsel bir hipotezin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fama oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc:\n\n1. G\u00f6zlemlerin veya deneylerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirten g\u00f6zlem raporlar\u0131 toplamak;\n2. Bu g\u00f6zlem raporlar\u0131n\u0131n hipotezi do\u011frulay\u0131p onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan veya tarafs\u0131z olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak; ve\n3. Bu do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 veya do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131t\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hipotez hakk\u0131ndaki yarg\u0131y\u0131 kabul edip etmeme, reddetme veya ask\u0131ya alma karar\u0131 vermek."},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/#mainImage"},"datePublished":"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00","dateModified":"2021-01-01T11:21:38+03:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/","name":"En \u0130yi Essay","description":"bestessayhomework@gmail.com - Bize Mail Kanal\u0131m\u0131zdan veya sa\u011f alt k\u00f6\u015fedeki Whatsapp tu\u015fundan Ula\u015f\u0131n - 0 (312) 276 75 93 -Essay Yapt\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yapt\u0131rma, \u00dccretli Essay, \u00dccretli Essay Yapt\u0131rma, Profesyonel Essay Yapt\u0131rma,   Essay Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Essay \u00d6dev Yard\u0131m\u0131 Al, Essay D\u00fczenleme, Essay Projesi Yapt\u0131r,   Essay Sepeti, Essay Fiyat Teklifi Al, Essay Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, Essay Ar\u015fivleri, Essay Kategorisi,   Essay Yazd\u0131rmak, Essay Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti, Essay Sunum, Essay \u00c7eviri, Essay Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti,   \u00dccretli Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Essay Yazma, \u00d6dev Yazd\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum,   Research Paper Yazd\u0131rmak, Argumentative Essay Topics, Cause Effect Essay \u00d6rnekleri, Classification Essay, Essay \u00c7e\u015fitleri,   Essay Rehberi, Opinion Essay Examples, Makale Yazd\u0131rma, Kompozisyon Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Makale Yazd\u0131rma,   Parayla Kompozisyon Yazd\u0131rma, \u00dccretli Makale, \u00dccretli Kompozisyon, Profesyonel Makale Yapt\u0131rma, Profesyonel Kompozisyon Yapt\u0131rma,   Makale Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Makale \u00d6dev Yard\u0131m\u0131 Al, Makale D\u00fczenleme, Makale Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Makale Sepeti,   Makale Fiyat Teklifi Al, Makale Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, Makale Ar\u015fivleri, Makale Kategorisi, Makale Yazd\u0131rmak, Makale Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti,   Makale Sunum, Makale \u00c7eviri, Makale Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti, \u00dccretli Makale Yazd\u0131rma, Makale Yazd\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Makale Yazma, Makale Sepeti,  Makale Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum, \u00d6dev Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma, Tez Yazd\u0131rma, Makale YAZDIRMA siteleri, Parayla makale YAZDIRMA, Seo makale fiyatlar\u0131, Sayfa ba\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131 yazma \u00fccreti, \u0130ngilizce makale yazd\u0131rma, Akademik makale YAZDIRMA, Makale Fiyatlar\u0131 2022, Makale yazma, Blog Yazd\u0131rma, Blog Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum, Essay yazma Uygulamas\u0131, Essay Yazma sitesi, \u0130ngilizce metin yazma sitesi, Writing yazma sitesi, Essay d\u00fczeltici, Essay Kontrol ettirme, Gramer kontrol, \u0130ngilizce Gramer d\u00fczeltme uygulamas\u0131, \u0130ngilizce c\u00fcmle d\u00fczeltme sitesi, Essay kontrol siteleri, Tez Yapt\u0131rma, Seo Uyumlu Blog Yapt\u0131rma","inLanguage":"tr-TR","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/#organization"}}]},"og:locale":"tr_TR","og:site_name":"En \u0130yi Essay | bestessayhomework@gmail.com - Bize Mail Kanal\u0131m\u0131zdan veya sa\u011f alt k\u00f6\u015fedeki Whatsapp tu\u015fundan Ula\u015f\u0131n - 0 (312) 276 75 93 -Essay Yapt\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Essay Yapt\u0131rma, \u00dccretli Essay, \u00dccretli Essay Yapt\u0131rma, Profesyonel Essay Yapt\u0131rma,   Essay Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Essay \u00d6dev Yard\u0131m\u0131 Al, Essay D\u00fczenleme, Essay Projesi Yapt\u0131r,   Essay Sepeti, Essay Fiyat Teklifi Al, Essay Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, Essay Ar\u015fivleri, Essay Kategorisi,   Essay Yazd\u0131rmak, Essay Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti, Essay Sunum, Essay \u00c7eviri, Essay Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti,   \u00dccretli Essay Yazd\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Essay Yazma, \u00d6dev Yazd\u0131rma, Essay Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum,   Research Paper Yazd\u0131rmak, Argumentative Essay Topics, Cause Effect Essay \u00d6rnekleri, Classification Essay, Essay \u00c7e\u015fitleri,   Essay Rehberi, Opinion Essay Examples, Makale Yazd\u0131rma, Kompozisyon Yazd\u0131rma, Parayla Makale Yazd\u0131rma,   Parayla Kompozisyon Yazd\u0131rma, \u00dccretli Makale, \u00dccretli Kompozisyon, Profesyonel Makale Yapt\u0131rma, Profesyonel Kompozisyon Yapt\u0131rma,   Makale Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Makale \u00d6dev Yard\u0131m\u0131 Al, Makale D\u00fczenleme, Makale Projesi Yapt\u0131r, Makale Sepeti,   Makale Fiyat Teklifi Al, Makale Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, Makale Ar\u015fivleri, Makale Kategorisi, Makale Yazd\u0131rmak, Makale Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti,   Makale Sunum, Makale \u00c7eviri, Makale Yazd\u0131rma \u00dccreti, \u00dccretli Makale Yazd\u0131rma, Makale Yazd\u0131rma Siteleri, Parayla Makale Yazma, Makale Sepeti,  Makale Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum, \u00d6dev Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma, Tez Yazd\u0131rma, Makale YAZDIRMA siteleri, Parayla makale YAZDIRMA, Seo makale fiyatlar\u0131, Sayfa ba\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131 yazma \u00fccreti, \u0130ngilizce makale yazd\u0131rma, Akademik makale YAZDIRMA, Makale Fiyatlar\u0131 2022, Makale yazma, Blog Yazd\u0131rma, Blog Yazd\u0131rmak \u0130stiyorum, Essay yazma Uygulamas\u0131, Essay Yazma sitesi, \u0130ngilizce metin yazma sitesi, Writing yazma sitesi, Essay d\u00fczeltici, Essay Kontrol ettirme, Gramer kontrol, \u0130ngilizce Gramer d\u00fczeltme uygulamas\u0131, \u0130ngilizce c\u00fcmle d\u00fczeltme sitesi, Essay kontrol siteleri, Tez Yapt\u0131rma, Seo Uyumlu Blog Yapt\u0131rma","og:type":"article","og:title":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay","og:description":"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais'in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci","og:url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/","og:image":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp","og:image:width":1280,"og:image:height":720,"article:published_time":"2021-01-01T08:21:38+00:00","article:modified_time":"2021-01-01T08:21:38+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131 | En \u0130yi Essay","twitter:description":"Filozoflar, bu terimin ger\u00e7ek insanlara at\u0131fta bulunabilece\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, asla di\u011fer insanlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak filozoflar\u0131n s\u0131radan insanlardan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011fil, maalesef insanlar\u0131n bireysel ya da toplu olarak hareket etmelerinin normalden uzak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleseydik, Dumarsais'in \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabiliriz. bu ilkelerin k\u00f6kenini anlayan ve de\u011ferlerinin ger\u00e7ek bir tahminini i\u00e7eren ilkelerdir. Ayd\u0131nlanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, on sekizinci","twitter:image":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.webp"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"3148","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"open_ai":null,"ai":null,"created":"2024-11-01 20:17:29","updated":"2025-06-03 13:15:26"},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\" title=\"Ev\">Ev<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/category\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\/\" title=\"Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev\">Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tFelsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131\n<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Ev","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr"},{"label":"Felsefe ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme nedir k\u0131saca eodev","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/category\/felsefe-ve-elestirel-dusunme-nedir-kisaca-eodev\/"},{"label":"Felsefenin Ayd\u0131nlanma Ele\u015ftirisi \u2013 Felsefe \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u2013 Felsefenin Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir? \u2013 Felsefe Nas\u0131l \u0130ncelenir- Nas\u0131l Ele Al\u0131n\u0131r? \u2013 Felsefe Alan\u0131nda \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 \u00d6dev Yapt\u0131rma Fiyatlar\u0131","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/felsefenin-aydinlanma-elestirisi-felsefe-uzerine-arastirmalar-felsefenin-alanlari-nelerdir-felsefe-nasil-incelenir-nasil-ele-alinir-felsefe-alaninda-odev-yap\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3148"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3148\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}