{"id":5545,"date":"2021-06-18T13:02:05","date_gmt":"2021-06-18T10:02:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=5545"},"modified":"2021-06-18T13:02:05","modified_gmt":"2021-06-18T10:02:05","slug":"demografik-gecis-teorisi-sosyoloji-odevi-yaptirma-sosyoloji-odevi-fiyatlari-sosyoloji-alani-odevleri-sosyoloji-tez-odevi-yaptirma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/demografik-gecis-teorisi-sosyoloji-odevi-yaptirma-sosyoloji-odevi-fiyatlari-sosyoloji-alani-odevleri-sosyoloji-tez-odevi-yaptirma\/","title":{"rendered":"Demografik Ge\u00e7i\u015f Teorisi \u2013 Sosyoloji \u00d6devi Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Sosyoloji \u00d6devi Fiyatlar\u0131 \u2013 Sosyoloji Alan\u0131 \u00d6devleri \u2013 Sosyoloji Tez \u00d6devi Yapt\u0131rma"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00fcfus Teorileri<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

N\u00fcfus \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 nispeten yeni bir bilimsel giri\u015fimdir; 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n bu \u015fekilde dikkatli bir \u015fekilde incelenmesi de\u011fildi. Bunu yapan ilk ki\u015fi ve belki de en etkilisi Thomas Malthus’tur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Malthus’un N\u00fcfus Art\u0131\u015f\u0131 Teorisi<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Malthus (1776-1834), n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n belirli do\u011fal yasalarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funa inanan bir \u0130ngiliz din adam\u0131, filozof ve ekonomistti. Malthus’a g\u00f6re n\u00fcfus sorununun \u00f6z\u00fc, n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n her zaman mevcut g\u0131da arz\u0131ndan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyece\u011fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sabit miktarda toprak, \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131, bal\u0131k ve di\u011fer g\u0131da kaynaklar\u0131yla, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ancak yeni d\u00f6n\u00fcmler ekilerek, daha fazla bal\u0131k yakalanarak vb. art\u0131r\u0131labilir – Malthus’un g\u0131day\u0131 art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ekleme s\u00fcreci aritmetik bir ilerlemelidir (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, vb.)<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131, aksine, \u00e7iftlerin 3, 4, 5 ve daha fazla \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in geometrik bir oranda (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 vb.) artar. (Dura\u011fan bir pop\u00fclasyon, 2 bireyin 2,1’den fazla \u00e7ocuk \u00fcretmemesini gerektirir: 2’nin kendilerini yeniden \u00fcretmesi ve 0,1’inin \u00e7ocuksuz kalanlar\u0131 telafi etmesi gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, kontrol edilmezlerse, insan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 g\u0131da kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaya, yoksulluk ve bitmeyen bir \u201cvarolu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi\u201d (Malthus taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan ve daha sonra Darwinci ve evrimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temel ta\u015f\u0131 haline gelen bir ifade) \u00e7ekmeye mahkumdur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Malthus, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan belirli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti ve bunlar\u0131 iki kategoriye ay\u0131rd\u0131: \u00f6nleyici kontroller ve pozitif kontroller. \u00d6nleyici kontroller, yeniden \u00fcretimi s\u0131n\u0131rlayacak uygulamalard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6nleyici kontroller aras\u0131nda bekarl\u0131k, evlili\u011fin ertelenmesi ve evlilik i\u00e7inde do\u011fum kontrol\u00fc, evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 cinsel ili\u015fkiler ve fuhu\u015f (ikinci ikisi k\u00fcrtaj ve do\u011fum kontrol\u00fc ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131ysa) gibi uygulamalar yer al\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pozitif kontroller, bireylerin \u00fcreme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na gelmeden \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olarak veya \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olarak, b\u00f6ylece genel n\u00fcfusu azaltarak \u00fcremeyi s\u0131n\u0131rlayan olaylard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olumlu kontroller k\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131 ve salg\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Malthus’un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kesinlikle on d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funu yok eden vebadan etkilenmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Demografik<\/a> ge\u00e7i\u015f teorisi Nedir<\/span>
\nDemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f evreleri<\/span>
\nDemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci basamaklar\u0131<\/span>
\ndemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f teorisi 3. evresi<\/span>
\nDemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f kuram\u0131 ikinci evresi<\/span>
\nt\u00fcrkiye’de demografik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/span>
\nDemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f Kuram\u0131’n\u0131n evreleri<\/span>
\nDemografik ge\u00e7i\u015f kuram\u0131 evreleri<\/span><\/p>\n

Malthus, yoksullu\u011fu ve di\u011fer toplumsal k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in toplumun yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini savunan \u00fctopik sosyalistlerin teorilerini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Malthus, planlamadan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, \u00e7o\u011fu insan i\u00e7in sefalet ve \u0131st\u0131rab\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu savundu. Bir yanda, n\u00fcfusun mevcut g\u0131da kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rakmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00fcrekli bir tehdit var; \u00f6te yandan, bu b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00fcm, y\u0131k\u0131m ve \u0131st\u0131rapla sonu\u00e7lanan tats\u0131z ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 denetimler vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tarih, en az\u0131ndan geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in Malthus’un yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki teknolojik at\u0131l\u0131mlar, Avrupa’n\u0131n Malthus’un tahminlerinin \u00e7o\u011fundan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Yeni icat edilen buhar makinesi, enerjiyi daha verimli kullanm\u0131\u015f ve fabrika sistemi ile i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fcretimi art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f bir ticaret sistemi, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen end\u00fcstriler i\u00e7in hammadde ve i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in yiyecek sa\u011flad\u0131. Do\u011furganl\u0131k azald\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7 Avrupa’n\u0131n n\u00fcfus bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hafifletti. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, Malthus ve endi\u015feleri neredeyse unutulmu\u015ftu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marx’\u0131n N\u00fcfus Art\u0131\u015f\u0131 Teorisi<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Karl Marx ve di\u011fer sosyalistler, Malthus’un n\u00fcfus bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 sefaletlerin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc reddetti. Marksistler, bir n\u00fcfustaki insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok olmas\u0131n\u0131n sorun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyorlar. Bunun yerine, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlar\u0131 yaratan\u0131n sanayicilik (ve \u00f6zellikle kapitalizm) oldu\u011funu iddia ederler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sanayiciler, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yeterli, ula\u015f\u0131labilir, esnek ve ucuz tutmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfuslara ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Buna ek olarak, kapitalist sistem, yaln\u0131zca s\u00fcrekli artan bir n\u00fcfus taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilecek s\u00fcrekli geni\u015fleyen pazarlar\u0131 gerektirir.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00fcfus artt\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015fsiz ve eksik istihdam edilen insan, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle almaya istekli olduklar\u0131 az say\u0131daki i\u015f i\u00e7in rekabet eder. Bu nedenle Marksistlere g\u00f6re, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eden bir toplumun norm ve de\u011ferlerinin k\u00f6kleri, ekonomik ve politik sistemlerinde yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sadece sanayi toplumunun politik ekonomisini sosyalizm do\u011frultusunda yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctleyerek, kitleler i\u00e7in yoksullu\u011fu ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k ve k\u0131t kaynaklar\u0131n sefaletini ortadan kald\u0131rma umudunun var oldu\u011funu iddia ederler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Demografik Ge\u00e7i\u015f Teorisi<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7, do\u011fum ve \u00f6l\u00fcm kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerden daha uzun s\u00fcredir tutuyor. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca, \u0130sve\u00e7’te do\u011fum ve \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dalgaland\u0131. H\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri, ard\u0131ndan yava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6nemleri ve hatta k\u0131tl\u0131klar s\u0131ras\u0131nda n\u00fcfus d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fleri oldu. 1800’lerin sonlar\u0131nda, do\u011fum oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek kal\u0131rken \u0130sve\u00e7’in \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonunda, \u0130sve\u00e7’in do\u011fum oran\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, b\u00f6ylece bug\u00fcn do\u011fumlar\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmleri neredeyse dengededir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7’in n\u00fcfusundaki de\u011fi\u015fim, Warren Thompson taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen bir n\u00fcfus dinami\u011fi teorisi ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Demografik ge\u00e7i\u015f teorisine g\u00f6re toplumlar, y\u00fcksek do\u011furganl\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131ndan nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck do\u011furganl\u0131k ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131na kadar d\u00f6rt n\u00fcfus de\u011fi\u015fimi a\u015famas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erler.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. A\u015fama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek do\u011furganl\u0131k h\u0131zlar\u0131, hastal\u0131k, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve do\u011fal afet nedeniyle olu\u015fan y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131yla dengelenir. N\u00fcfus \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 olma e\u011filimindedir ve n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131r veya hi\u00e7 yoktur. A\u015fama 2 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, artan g\u0131da arz\u0131, modern t\u0131bb\u0131n geli\u015fimi ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak devam eden y\u00fcksek do\u011furganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir sonucu olarak n\u00fcfus h\u0131zla artar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak yava\u015f yava\u015f, y\u00fcksek do\u011fum oran\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen geleneksel kurumlar ve dini inan\u00e7lar zay\u0131flar ve yerini bireycili\u011fi ve yukar\u0131 do\u011fru hareketlili\u011fi vurgulayan de\u011ferler al\u0131r. Aile planlamas\u0131 devreye girer ve do\u011fum oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 3. A\u015famad\u0131r. Son olarak, 4. A\u015famada hem do\u011furganl\u0131k hem de \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ve n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir kez daha sabitlenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke, demografik ge\u00e7i\u015fin 2. A\u015famas\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece (y\u00fcksek do\u011furganl\u0131k ancak d\u00fc\u015fen \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131), ekonomik kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 yava\u015flatan ve yayg\u0131n \u015fiddetli a\u00e7l\u0131k yaratan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 n\u00fcfus y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda kalmaya devam edecekler.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 n\u00fcfus, bir toplumda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki her 100 ki\u015fiye d\u00fc\u015fen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131n\u0131, yani \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan ya\u015ftaki insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde art\u0131rarak ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi baltalamaktad\u0131r. A\u015fama 2’deki n\u00fcfus, yeti\u015fkinlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fcksek oranda \u00e7ocuk sahibi oldu\u011fundan, ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131ndan daha az say\u0131da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7iye sahiptirler.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Uganda n\u00fcfusunun %51’i, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki %21’e k\u0131yasla 15 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131na sahip \u00fclkelerin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131, sermayenin sanayile\u015fme ve teknolojik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeden uzakla\u015f\u0131p geni\u015fleyen n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 besleyecek mekanizmalara kanalize edilmesiyle daha da yava\u015flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u00fcfus Teorileri N\u00fcfus \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 nispeten yeni bir bilimsel giri\u015fimdir; 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n bu \u015fekilde dikkatli bir \u015fekilde incelenmesi de\u011fildi. Bunu yapan ilk ki\u015fi ve belki de en etkilisi Thomas Malthus’tur. Malthus’un N\u00fcfus Art\u0131\u015f\u0131 Teorisi Malthus (1776-1834), n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n belirli do\u011fal yasalarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funa inanan bir \u0130ngiliz din adam\u0131, filozof ve ekonomistti. Malthus’a g\u00f6re n\u00fcfus…
Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4779,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11341,11342,11344,11343],"tags":[11346,11352,11349,11351,11347,11348,11345,11350],"class_list":["post-5545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-demografik-gecis-kurami-evreleri","category-demografik-gecis-kuraminin-evreleri","category-demografik-gecis-teorisi-3-evresi","category-turkiyede-demografik-donusum","tag-demografik-gecis-evreleri","tag-demografik-gecis-kurami-evreleri","tag-demografik-gecis-kurami-ikinci-evresi","tag-demografik-gecis-kuraminin-evreleri","tag-demografik-gecis-sureci-basamaklari","tag-demografik-gecis-teorisi-3-evresi","tag-demografik-gecis-teorisi-nedir","tag-turkiyede-demografik-donusum"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t