{"id":8576,"date":"2022-01-24T14:09:40","date_gmt":"2022-01-24T11:09:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=8576"},"modified":"2022-01-24T14:09:40","modified_gmt":"2022-01-24T11:09:40","slug":"tanzimat-donemi-oncesi-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/tanzimat-donemi-oncesi-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi \u00d6ncesi \u2013 Edebiyat Alan\u0131nda Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Edebiyat Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u00dccretleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6devleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6dev \u00dccretleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Nesri \u00dczerine Baz\u0131 Notlar<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kabaca 1300’den 1830’a kadar olan zaman diliminde T\u00fcrk nesir edebiyat\u0131, dil tarihi ve \u00fcslup ele\u015ftirisi ile ilgilenen bilimin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131na son zamanlarda daha tam olarak girmi\u015ftir. Burs, yava\u015f yava\u015f kendisini E.J.W. Gibb (1857-1901), eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 ve halefleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk \u015fiiri konusundaki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ngiliz uzman\u0131n\u0131n, kendi yarg\u0131 standartlar\u0131n\u0131 Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131na dayand\u0131ran, kendi d\u00f6neminin T\u00fcrk edebiyat ele\u015ftirisinden ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilendi\u011finin ancak son zamanlarda fark\u0131na var\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Tan\u1e93\u012bm\u0101t d\u00f6neminin ilerici T\u00fcrk edebiyat ele\u015ftirmenleri, T\u00fcrk sanat nesrini (d\u012bv\u0101n nesirini) umutsuzca yabanc\u0131 etkiye dalm\u0131\u015f olarak reddettiler ve bazen daha eski nesrin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde basit ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren kendisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini iddia edecek kadar ileri gittiler.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Onlar\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle Gibb’in ard\u0131ndan bilim, geli\u015fiminin en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 sanatsal nesirinin art\u0131k T\u00fcrk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc benimsedi; Bir Veys\u012b veya Nergis\u012b’nin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f yapayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, dil tamamen \u00e7\u0131kmaza girmi\u015fti. Yine de eski nesrin bombastik olmayan alanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r; ve esasen onlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelime da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan ilgiden ama k\u0131smen de klasik \u0130slam edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n geleneklerini benimsemenin belirli T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve \u00f6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleme arzusundan dolay\u0131 bunlara dikkat edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu, yeni ke\u015fifler ve unutulmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f zengin bir literat\u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin bir kez daha eri\u015filebilir k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 sayesinde metin bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131yla \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Franz Taeschner, Bat\u0131-T\u00fcrk nesir edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n tutarl\u0131 bir sunumunun \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an faydal\u0131 \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara imza att\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Elbette burada da konuya g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131rlar koymak gerekiyordu. Yine de, \u00f6zel bir amaca y\u00f6nelik olan ve bu nedenle \u00f6zerk, \u201csaf\u201d edebiyat olmayan her \u015fey d\u0131\u015flanamaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de geni\u015f bir anlat\u0131 literat\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r, ancak asl\u0131nda, kabaca 1300’den 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar olan d\u00f6nemde tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ve biyografi ile olduk\u00e7a \u00e7e\u015fitli dini yaz\u0131lar ve sek\u00fcler didaktik eserler de ana formlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTeknik\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacak yaz\u0131lar, \u00f6rne\u011fin hukuki metinler, yaln\u0131zca edebi eserleri anlamam\u0131za ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7evreleri taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunduklar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle dil tarihi perspektifinden eski nesirlere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verildi\u011finde, \u00f6rne\u011fin dilsel ar\u0131nma hareketiyle ilgili olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz meseleleriyle do\u011frudan bir ba\u011flant\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ag\u00e2h S\u0131rr\u0131 Levend, \u201cT\u00fcrk dilinin geli\u015fme ve sadele\u015fme a\u015famalar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 konu edinen -ilk kez 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131- kitab\u0131nda, 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilerek yeniden yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise yine 3. bask\u0131da geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. – S\u0131radan insanlara y\u00f6nelik eserlerde ve hatta k\u0131smen de olsa d\u00eev\u00e2n edebiyat\u0131 eserlerinde bile T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin (g\u00fcndelik dille \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f) ne kadar sade bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Tanzimat<\/a> \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemin ad\u0131<\/span>
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nem<\/span>
\nTanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/span>
\nTanzimat D\u00f6nemi Edebiyat\u0131<\/span>
\nTanzimat d\u00f6nemi ne zaman<\/span>
\nOsmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesi k\u0131saca<\/span>
\n2. tanzimat ferman\u0131<\/span>
\nTanzimat d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesi \u0131slahat hareketleri<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Levend’e g\u00f6re iki t\u00fcr nesir bir arada var olmu\u015ftur: Bir yanda sade ve do\u011fal, dilsel olarak saf T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, di\u011fer yanda ise 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u015fekillenen ve yabanc\u0131 dillerin etkisinde kalm\u0131\u015f sanatsal nesir. 16. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda T\u00fcrk olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Levend ayr\u0131ca yazarlar\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu iki nesir bi\u00e7imini ayn\u0131 eserde ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 veya birlikte kulland\u0131klar\u0131na da dikkat \u00e7eker (\u00f6rne\u011fin: g\u00f6rece basit bir ana metnin ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6steri\u015fli bir giri\u015f).<\/span><\/p>\n

Zaman zaman iki farkl\u0131 dil gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu iki nesir t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in Levend, \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u201d ve \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u201dy\u0131 \u00f6nerir. Bunu, eski bi\u00e7imsel nesir ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ‘\u0101r\u012b “\u00e7\u0131plak”, s\u00fcss\u00fcz ve s\u00fcslenmi\u015f, ama \u015fimdi daha tarihsel bir dil vurgusu ile “kafiyeli” musakka’ \u015feklinde yeniden ba\u015flamas\u0131 olarak tasavvur edilebilir. Bu durumda, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin kesintisiz s\u00fcreklili\u011fini iki par\u00e7al\u0131 bir nesir b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi temelinde sunma giri\u015fimimiz varsa, Fahir \u0130z ayn\u0131 \u00e7abada eski nesrin \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7al\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini \u00f6nerdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130z, sadece \u015fiir \u00f6rneklerinden de\u011fil, eski nesirlerden de olu\u015fan alt\u0131 ciltlik geni\u015f se\u00e7kisinde, ilki 1964’te yay\u0131mlanmak \u00fczere her biri \u00fc\u00e7 cilt halinde kullan\u0131ma sunmak niyetindeydi. Planlanm\u0131\u015f eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131 tarihine ek olarak tasarlanan Fahir \u0130z, Anadolu T\u00fcrklerinin nesirini (nesir, d\u00fczyaz\u0131) basit nesir (sade nesir), orta nesir (orta nesir) ve s\u00fcsl\u00fc veya s\u00fcsl\u00fc nesir (s\u00fcsl\u00fc) olarak ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sade nesir, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, sade ve g\u00fcndelik dile dayanmaktad\u0131r. Orta nesirde, g\u00fcndelik dilin unsurlar\u0131, Arap ve Fars dillerinden retorik sanatsal ara\u00e7larla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, s\u00fcsl\u00fc nesir, divan \u015fiirinin sundu\u011fu t\u00fcm s\u00fcsl\u00fc dil ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r ve bu nedenle, Arap edebiyat teorisi anlam\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun kabul edilen bir bile\u015feniydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7al\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm, ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131nda, Alessio Bombaci’nin “basit nesir”, “orta veya orta nesir” ve “\u00fcslup a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 nesir”den bahsetti\u011fi Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta’ya al\u0131nd\u0131. Fahir \u0130z, eski Anadolu-T\u00fcrk ve Osmanl\u0131 nesirlerini \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc olarak ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserini temel olarak dil kriterlerine dayand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde, Tan\u1e93\u012bm\u0101t d\u00f6neminden beri hi\u00e7 susturulmayan, Osmanl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015finde bir zamanlar basit T\u00fcrk nesirinin Arap-Fars sanatsal nesrinin etkisine tamamen batm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu sitemiyle y\u00fczle\u015fti. \u0130z, metin se\u00e7imlerinde ve \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, mill\u00ee dilin \u00e7a\u011flar boyu devam\u0131n\u0131 yal\u0131n ve orta dereceli T\u00fcrk\u00e7e nesir \u015feklinde g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih yazarlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 makale de bu amaca hizmet etti. 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fahir \u0130z, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131: Saf nesir, s\u00fcsl\u00fc nesir, orta nesir.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda, nesrin d\u00f6nemlere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, ampirik olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir ayr\u0131md\u0131r. Gibb’in ard\u0131ndan, olduk\u00e7a dura\u011fan bir tablo \u00e7izildi, \u201cFarsla\u015fma\u201dn\u0131n temel notas\u0131 olarak belirlendi ve d\u00f6nemleri tan\u0131mlama giri\u015fimleri, \u00e7o\u011funlukla, \u015fiir i\u00e7in d\u00f6nem ayr\u0131mlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Belirli yazarlar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi, zaman zaman, metin bask\u0131lar\u0131 ve monografi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yoluyla k\u0131smen de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan, eksik bir bilgi durumuna dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bilgimizdeki bo\u015fluklar doldurulduk\u00e7a, \u00f6zellikle edebi sorularla ilgilenen bir t\u00fcr bilimin giderek daha fazla takip edilece\u011fi umulmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi \u00d6ncesi T\u00fcrk Nesri \u00dczerine Baz\u0131 Notlar Kabaca 1300’den 1830’a kadar olan zaman diliminde T\u00fcrk nesir edebiyat\u0131, dil tarihi ve \u00fcslup ele\u015ftirisi ile ilgilenen bilimin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131na son zamanlarda daha tam olarak girmi\u015ftir. Burs, yava\u015f yava\u015f kendisini E.J.W. Gibb (1857-1901), eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 ve halefleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. T\u00fcrk \u015fiiri konusundaki b\u00fcy\u00fck…
Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8362,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18702,18701,18700,18703],"tags":[18315,18708,18706,18707,18709,18317,18705,18704],"class_list":["post-8576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tanzimat-donemi-edebiyati","category-tanzimat-donemi-ne-zaman","category-tanzimat-donemi-oncesi-islahat-hareketleri","category-tanzimat-oncesi-donemin-adi","tag-2-tanzimat-fermani","tag-osmanli-modernlesmesi-kisaca","tag-tanzimat-donemi-edebiyati","tag-tanzimat-donemi-ne-zaman","tag-tanzimat-donemi-oncesi-islahat-hareketleri","tag-tanzimat-fermani","tag-tanzimat-fermani-oncesi-donem","tag-tanzimat-oncesi-donemin-adi"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8576"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8576\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8362"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8576"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}