{"id":8624,"date":"2022-01-28T10:20:47","date_gmt":"2022-01-28T07:20:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=8624"},"modified":"2022-01-28T10:20:47","modified_gmt":"2022-01-28T07:20:47","slug":"memluk-donemi-edebiyati-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/memluk-donemi-edebiyati-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Meml\u00fck D\u00f6nemi Edebiyat\u0131 \u2013 Edebiyat Alan\u0131nda Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Edebiyat Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u00dccretleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6devleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6dev \u00dccretleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Meml\u00fck D\u00f6nemi Edebiyat\u0131 <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Meml\u00fbk salonlar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan T\u00fcrk \u015fiiri ve nesri i\u00e7in \u201cmahkeme edebiyat\u0131\u201d terimini kullanacaksak, onu incelik ve ezoterizm \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ziyade ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla da kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z. Meml\u00fbk k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan tipik T\u00fcrk (ve Arap) dini \u015fiir \u00f6rnekleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin Sultan Kaytbay i\u00e7in kopyalanan Kit\u00e2b\u00fc’d-Dav\u00e2t ve bu padi\u015fah\u0131n kendi \u015fiirleri, a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6zl\u00fc dervi\u015f edebiyat\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015ftir ve kendileri y\u00fcksek sesle okumas\u0131 da tavsiye edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sultan Gavr\u00ee’nin, kendisi i\u00e7in n\u00fcsha olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve baz\u0131 na\u1e93\u012bralara katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131 saray \u015fiiriyle ki\u015fisel olarak ilgilendi\u011fi ve sofistike Arap\u00e7a ve \u201ckarma\u201d \u015fiirler yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudur; yine de, \u015eerif taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi gibi dervi\u015f tarz\u0131nda \u015fiirden de ho\u015flan\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Genel kullan\u0131ma g\u00f6re n\u00fcshalar sadece profesyonel katipler ve hattatlar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, zaman zaman padi\u015fah ve b\u00fcy\u00fck emirlerin meclisleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilecek m\u00fcstensihler taraf\u0131ndan da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap toplamak pahal\u0131 bir u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131 ve bir tutkuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilirdi; Jaqmaq’\u0131n padi\u015fah oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnlerde ve hatta daha \u00f6ncesinde \u00e7ok de\u011ferli kitaplar sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve onlara makul fiyat\u0131n \u00fczerinde bedeller \u00f6dedi\u011fini duyuyoruz. Yashbek the Grand Daw\u0101d\u0101r tutkulu bir kitap koleksiyoncusu olarak da biliniyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan el yazmalar\u0131n\u0131n tariflerinden Sultan Kaytbay i\u00e7in elyazmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evriyen ki\u015filerin birka\u00e7 ismi ortaya da \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu ara s\u0131ra kopyac\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kaynaklarda do\u011frulamak kolay bir i\u015f de\u011fildir. Bunun i\u00e7in, yazarlar\u0131n eserlerini bir patrona verdi\u011fi durumlarda daha da iyi bir \u015fans vard\u0131r. Yazarlar\u0131n kendileri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 taahh\u00fct edilen veya en az\u0131ndan onlar taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan bu t\u00fcr eserler aras\u0131nda, B\u00fcy\u00fck Emir Ya\u015fbek ve Sultan Kaytbay’\u0131n bir ba\u015fka himayesi alt\u0131ndaki Ordu Kad\u0131s\u0131 \u015eemseddin Muhammed b. Mahmud b. Halil bin Aja’d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130bn Ac\u00e2, Arap\u00e7a bir dizi eserin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, el-V\u00e2k\u0131d\u00ee’nin F\u00fct\u00fch\u00fc’\u015f-\u015e\u00e2m’\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 da bestelemi\u015ftir. F.E. Karatay, bu \u201cSuriye’nin Fethi\u201dnin II. K\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 belirleyip k\u0131saca tarif edene kadar, b\u00f6yle bir \u201con iki bin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e beyit\u201dten olu\u015fan bir kitab\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tek kayna\u011f\u0131 da es-Sahavi idi.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7e versiyonunun bu c\u00fcz\u02be II’si, Zilhicce 895\/beg’de bulunan Sultan Kaytbay’\u0131n k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fczel bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir n\u00fcshad\u0131r. 16 Ekim 1490, onu Kahire’nin eteklerinde Hac\u0131lar G\u00f6l\u00fc (Birkat al-\u1e24\u0101jj) ve Siryaqaws yak\u0131n\u0131nda in\u015fa etti\u011fi Kubbe k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine de adad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gavr\u00ee i\u00e7in bast\u0131r\u0131lan imzalar aras\u0131nda \u00d6mer b. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hanafi,\u00a0<\/span>\u015eerif H\u00fcseyin b. \u00d6nce Emir Ya\u015fbek’in Kubbesi’nde, daha sonra Sultan Mu\u02beayyad Camii’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak \u015eehn\u00e2me’yi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e manzume \u00e7eviren Hasan, Sultan Gavr\u00ee i\u00e7in minyat\u00fcrlerle daha da s\u00fcslenmi\u015f g\u00fczel bir imza takdim n\u00fcshas\u0131 da \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Meml\u00fckler<\/span><\/a>
\nMeml\u00fck d\u00f6nemi \u015fairleri<\/span>
\nMeml\u00fckler ve Osmanl\u0131<\/span>
\nMeml\u00fckler T\u00fcrk m\u00fc<\/span>
\nMeml\u00fbk Devleti<\/span>
\nMeml\u00fckler \u00d6zellikleri<\/span>
\nMeml\u00fckler kimdir<\/span>
\nMeml\u00fck Devleti’nin kurucusu kimdir<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Meml\u00fbk \u00e2limi Gaston Wiet’in an\u0131s\u0131na ithaf edilen bu makaleyi bitirmeden \u00f6nce, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte Meml\u00fbk kurumuna \u00f6zg\u00fc bir metin reprod\u00fcksiyonu kayna\u011f\u0131na da dikkat \u00e7ekmek istiyorum.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meml\u00fbk k\u00f6kenli el yazmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, alt\u0131n ve mavi \u00fczerine beyaz m\u00fcrekkeple ekslibrisli ve ayr\u0131ca genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck yuvarlak karakterlerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 olan, d\u0131\u015fa \u00e7ok benzer ciltler buluyoruz. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 deneyimsiz eller taraf\u0131ndan kopyalanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ancak di\u011ferleri d\u00fczg\u00fcn tutarl\u0131 Neskh\u012b’de. Hepsi Meml\u00fbkler taraf\u0131ndan tipik T\u00fcrk adlar\u0131yla, genellikle eski sahiplerinin ve hizmet bor\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131n adlar\u0131yla ve baz\u0131 durumlarda da yeti\u015ftirildikleri k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131n adlar\u0131yla da imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131\u015fla \u00fcyeli\u011finin belirtildi\u011fi bu transkript grubuna ek olarak, Meml\u00fbkler taraf\u0131ndan da kopyalanan, ancak k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmedi\u011fi, ancak el yazmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda atlanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi \u00e7ekincesiyle daha b\u00fcy\u00fck de bir dizi el yazmas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Sadece iki \u00f6rnek aktar\u0131yorum: Memluk Ay\u0101s al-Mahm\u016bd\u012b al-Malik\u012b a\u1e93-T\u0101hir\u012b, Sultan Jaqmaq i\u00e7in bir Muhtasar S\u012brat an-Nab\u012b’yi yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ve Meml\u00fckler M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ad\u0131yla Mansur b. Mi\u02bea kelimemi min kel\u00e2m Ali b. Ab\u012b \u1e6c\u0101lib, Arap\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e tefsir ile de sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Revan 1727 ve III. Ahmet 1608 hari\u00e7, yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan t\u00fcm ciltler 100’den az varaka sahiptir; veya. 4128, Ahmet III 2796 ve Revan 1582 elliden fazla yapraktan olu\u015fur, ancak geri kalanlar yaln\u0131zca 47 ila 18 yaprak i\u00e7erir. Bu grupta, sayfadaki az say\u0131da sat\u0131r (yedi ile \u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131nda) ve yaz\u0131n\u0131n boyutu, en az miktarda yaz\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar \u00e7ok alan\u0131 doldurma e\u011filimini de ele verir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daha hacimli ciltlerin yaz\u0131lar\u0131 kaligrafi standard\u0131na e\u011filimliyken, di\u011fer yazmalarda daha deneyimsiz, baz\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn, baz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve kaba eller g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. B\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 genellikle alt\u0131n \u00fczerine k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, mavi veya beyaz m\u00fcrekkeple yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu yazmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, d\u00f6nemin karakteristik dairesel, girintili Memluk madalyonuna da sahiptir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu transkriptlerin her birinin farkl\u0131 bir Meml\u00fbk taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, yaz\u0131lar\u0131n kalitesizli\u011fi ve zengin s\u00fcslemeleri, bu elyazmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun \u00f6zel okul olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek \u00e7ok say\u0131da metne ait oldu\u011funu da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Meml\u00fbklerin kaligrafi standartlar\u0131na vurgu yap\u0131lan tatbikatlar\u0131. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00f6\u011frencinin (Santabay) Sultan Kaytbay i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki el yazmas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan hocas\u0131na (Fayy\u00fbm\u00ee) nas\u0131l sayg\u0131 duydu\u011funu da g\u00f6rd\u00fck (yukar\u0131ya bak\u0131n\u0131z).<\/span><\/p>\n

Meml\u00fbk talebesinin birinci kademesinde e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretiminin teolojik ve pratik y\u00f6nleriyle din (Kuran, \u015eeriat, dualar) \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir; as\u0131l konu, ilk a\u015famalardan sonra neredeyse t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011fretimin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Arap\u00e7a okuma ve yazma idi.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00fctt\u00e2b\u00eelerin himayesinde olan had\u0131mlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, k\u0131\u015flada e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren hukuk doktorlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer alimler, Karaca, Or’un yazar\u0131 \u00a0R\u016b\u1e25\u012b mahlas\u0131yla da eser verir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen, bu \u00f6\u011fretmenler aras\u0131nda olabilir. \u0130kinci (askeri) a\u015famada \u00f6\u011fretim askerler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Arap\u00e7a veterinerlik sanat\u0131 \u00fczerine askeri ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n ve kitaplar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na ek olarak, bu t\u00fcr bir\u00e7ok kitap T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hukuk el kitaplar\u0131 gibi bu ve di\u011fer konularda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e el kitaplar\u0131nda da anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Meml\u00fck D\u00f6nemi Edebiyat\u0131 Meml\u00fbk salonlar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan T\u00fcrk \u015fiiri ve nesri i\u00e7in \u201cmahkeme edebiyat\u0131\u201d terimini kullanacaksak, onu incelik ve ezoterizm \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ziyade ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla da kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z. Meml\u00fbk k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan tipik T\u00fcrk (ve Arap) dini \u015fiir \u00f6rnekleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin Sultan Kaytbay i\u00e7in kopyalanan Kit\u00e2b\u00fc’d-Dav\u00e2t ve bu padi\u015fah\u0131n kendi \u015fiirleri, a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6zl\u00fc dervi\u015f edebiyat\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015ftir ve…
Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8387,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18812,18811,18813],"tags":[18817,18820,18814,18677,18819,18818,18816,18815],"class_list":["post-8624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-memluk-donemi-sairleri","category-memlukler","category-memlukler-turk-mu","tag-memluk-devleti","tag-memluk-devletinin-kurucusu-kimdir","tag-memluk-donemi-sairleri","tag-memlukler","tag-memlukler-kimdir","tag-memlukler-ozellikleri","tag-memlukler-turk-mu","tag-memlukler-ve-osmanli"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8624"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8624\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}