{"id":8684,"date":"2022-02-01T11:31:23","date_gmt":"2022-02-01T08:31:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=8684"},"modified":"2022-02-01T11:31:23","modified_gmt":"2022-02-01T08:31:23","slug":"elestirel-baskilar-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/elestirel-baskilar-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Ele\u015ftirel Bask\u0131lar \u2013 Edebiyat Alan\u0131nda Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Edebiyat Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u00dccretleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6devleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6dev \u00dccretleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ele\u015ftirel Bask\u0131lar <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00d6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan padi\u015fah\u0131n eylemleri de\u011fil, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n Mehdi’yi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonunun habercisi olarak g\u00f6ndererek eli kula\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcdahalesi oldu\u011fu tarihsel i\u00e7erikli Osmanl\u0131 metinleri vard\u0131r. Ne\u015fr\u00ee gibi (en az\u0131ndan kavram olarak) d\u00fcnya ve peygamberlerin tarihlerini yazan b\u00fcy\u00fck tarih yazarlar\u0131nda da ya da 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ‘\u0100l\u012b d\u00fcnya tarihi K\u00fcnh \u00fcl-a\u1e2bb\u0101r ile Allah’\u0131n Hz. d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar asl\u0131nda anlat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda, yakla\u015fan ahir zaman\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n bilgisinin deste\u011fiyle birlikte Kur’an vahyi ve sahih Hadisler temelinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan apokaliptik bir tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da vard\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonu, i\u015faretler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bilinebilir ve kronoloji yard\u0131m\u0131yla hesaplanabilir, bu nedenle \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yenilgilerin ve felaketlerin temelde sessizce ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilmesi gerekmiyordu; bunun yerine, ger\u00e7ekten alamet olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in incelendiler. Burada say\u0131s\u0131z sava\u015fta yaralananlara ac\u0131ma, \u00f6l\u00fcler i\u00e7in cennet umudu, hatta eski vakayinamelerde de eksik olmayan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ele\u015ftirileri dile getirilebilirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcrden bir apokaliptik ruh, Mevlana ‘\u0130sa’n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t “Gizli \u015eeyler \u00d6zeti”, daha do\u011frusu “Gizlilerin Koleksiyoncusu” adl\u0131 tarihi \u015fiire hakimdir. Ad\u0131 Leiden el yazmas\u0131nda ge\u00e7iyordu, ancak kimli\u011fi ancak Leiden’de ‘\u0100l\u012b’nin 4. O zamandan beri, C\u0101mi’ yazar\u0131, “\u00d6v\u00fclmeye de\u011fer davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olan Hamid’in Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2 \u012asa’s\u0131”veya “Hamid-ili’nin \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011fer adam\u0131” olarak tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bir bu\u00e7uk as\u0131rd\u0131r bu eser ismen biliniyor; yava\u015f incelemesinin tarihi, ele\u015ftirel bask\u0131lar\u0131n eksikli\u011finin, kaynaklar\u0131n incelenmesini ve bunlar\u0131n birbirleriyle olan ili\u015fkilerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engelledi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mustafa ‘\u0100l\u012b, d\u00fcnya ve Osmanl\u0131 tarihi i\u00e7in C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t’a ba\u015fvurdu, K\u00fcnh \u00fcl-a\u1e2bb\u0101r i\u00e7in di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok modelle birlikte, Ahmedi’nin karde\u015fi (15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131), Molla Hamzev\u012b ve eser D\u00fcrr-i mekn\u00fbn da kaynak olmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra, \u1e62olaqz\u0101de, pop\u00fcler tarihinde, C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t’\u0131, asl\u0131nda ‘\u0100l\u012b ile neredeyse ayn\u0131 kelimelerle aktard\u0131. C\u0101mi’, K\u0101tib \u00c7elebi’nin dikkatinden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Joseph von Hammer, \u1e62olaqz\u0101de’ye dayanarak, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re eserin kendisini bilmeden \u201cDschami ul-meknunat\u201dtan bahseden ilk Avrupal\u0131 \u200b\u200bbilgindi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k on y\u0131l sonra, Leiden \u00dcniversitesi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Cenevizli Testa ailesinin bir \u00fcyesinden C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t’\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir \u201c\u015fiirsel \u00e7e\u015fitli\u201d sat\u0131n ald\u0131; di\u011fer de\u011ferli el yazmalar\u0131yla birlikte Halep’ten Leiden’e ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ele\u015ftirel<\/a> Okuma \u00f6zellikleri<\/span>
\nEle\u015ftirel Okuma basamaklar\u0131<\/span>
\nEle\u015ftirel Okuma \u00f6zet<\/span>
\nEle\u015ftirel Okuma ve Yazma<\/span>
\nEle\u015ftirel Okuma \u00f6rnekleri<\/span>
\nT\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda ele\u015ftirmenler ve eserleri<\/span>
\nEle\u015ftirel Okuma Nedir<\/span>
\nEle\u015ftirel okuma nesnel midir<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda, P. de Jong ve M.J. de Goeje, bu el yazmas\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ilk kez Hammer’a at\u0131fta bulunmadan tan\u0131mlad\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiye’deki bilginler kendilerini daha eski Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131yla me\u015fgul etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Leiden katalo\u011funun bilinmemesi ve ‘\u00c2l\u012b’den yap\u0131lan yukar\u0131da bahsedilen al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, 1910’da Necib ‘\u0100\u1e63\u0131m’\u0131n, kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131n\u0131n Ahmedi’nin karde\u015fi Hamzev\u00ee oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesine neden oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bursal\u0131 Mehmed Tahir, ma\u1e2bla\u1e63 \u1e24amzev\u012bli bir yazar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131smen manzum olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bilgin \u0130bn\u00fclemin Mahmud Kemal’in [\u0130nal] \u00f6zel k\u00fct\u00fcphanesindeki bir el yazmas\u0131nda muhafaza edilen bir Osmanl\u0131 tarihinden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

1920’lerde, Osmanl\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011finde, Friedrich Giese (ge\u00e7erken) ve daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak Johann Heinrich Mordtmann bir kez daha ‘\u0100l\u012b’nin iki ayr\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tek bir “dj\u0101mi’ \u00fcl- ‘de birle\u015ftirdi\u011finde, C\u0101mi’ tam olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmay\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131. Ahmedi’nin karde\u015fi Molla Hamza taraf\u0131ndan mekn\u016bn\u0101t\u201d; Mordtmann, “djami’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t”\u0131n “aksi halde hi\u00e7bir yerde bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” ekledi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Franz Babinger ise Leiden kodeksinden haberdard\u0131, bunun Hamzev\u012b’ye ait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu ve yine de bu yazar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ve ona bir C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t atfetmeye karar verdi. Daha sonra Babinger, aksi takdirde \u015f\u00fcphesiz S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6neminin eserleri aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 Leiden C\u0101mi’yi g\u00f6zden kaybetmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Babinger’in GOW’undaki \u00f6zetleyici tan\u0131mlama, bu durumda, bilinmeyen bir “Ahmed\u00ee’nin erkek karde\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan manzum bir kroni\u011fin” T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131 tarihinde g\u00f6lge bir varl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu arada Osman Ferid Sa\u01e7lam, k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinde C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t’\u0131n bir el yazmas\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu duyurmu\u015f ve 1954’te Adnan Sad\u0131k Erzi, \u0130bn\u00fclemin Mahmud Kemal’in [\u0130nal] C\u0101mi’ n\u00fcshas\u0131na Osmanl\u0131ca bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in dikkatle bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1976’da Victor L. M\u00e9nage, Adnan Erzi’ye at\u0131fta bulunarak, ‘\u0100l\u012b’nin C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t da dahil olmak \u00fczere kaynaklar\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkisini yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7t\u0131. Ancak, ‘\u0100l\u012b i\u00e7in bir kaynak olarak niteli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015fimdiye kadar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7 yazmas\u0131 tespit edilen C\u0101mi’ \u00fcl-mekn\u016bn\u0101t, kendi ad\u0131na ve Leiden Codex veya sayesinde takdir edilmeyi hak ediyor. 1448 (I) Testa, eserin bir m\u00fcsveddesini inceleyebilecek kadar \u015fansl\u0131 durumday\u0131z.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yazar, \u0117y pa\u015fa, \u0117y be\u015fe, \u0117y piser, \u0117y yi\u011fit gibi hitap bi\u00e7imleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, eserinin y\u00fcksek sesle okundu\u011fu halk toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, eserinin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc vurgular: \u201cProzodi okudum ama \u015fair de\u011filim; Bu \u00f6nemsiz n\u00fcshadan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6steri yapm\u0131yorum. Kitab\u0131m Fars\u00e7a veya Arap\u00e7a’dan terc\u00fcme de\u011fil. Sonu\u00e7ta, ister Arap\u00e7a ister Fars\u00e7a olsun, daha \u00f6nce anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hikayeyi kafiye haline getirmek kolayd\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ama yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir \u015feyi bulup naz\u0131m haline getirmek, zor bir i\u015ftir!\u201d. Gizemli bir \u015fekilde, beste tarihini belirsiz b\u0131rak\u0131yor; bir keresinde 936\/27\/7\/1533 ile ba\u015flayan y\u0131ldan bahsediyor. 18\/12\/1552’den ba\u015flayarak 960 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cyery\u00fcz\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bir deh\u015fetin kaplayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunuyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Her hal\u00fckarda, kompozisyon y\u0131l\u0131 Viyana ku\u015fatmas\u0131ndan sonra (sonbahar 1529) ve muhtemelen 942\/2\/7\/1535’ten \u00f6nce, yazar\u0131n teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz \u0100saf’\u0131 olarak \u00f6vd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Sadrazam \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n idam y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

909\/26\/6\/1503’\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda, yazar\u0131n kendisi, o s\u0131rada Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu etkileyen s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan bir \u015feyler ya\u015fad\u0131: \u201cRum \u00dclkesinde \u00e7ok fazla k\u0131tl\u0131k ve salg\u0131n vard\u0131; bir\u00e7o\u011fu a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc ve yok edildi; A\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmeyenler, yoluna \u00e7\u0131kan her \u015feyi k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 gibi kesen veba taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar buna B\u00fcy\u00fck Veba derdi, bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6z a\u011flamaktan k\u00f6r oldu. Biz de bundan pay\u0131m\u0131za d\u00fc\u015feni ald\u0131k, orada ne t\u00fcr bir yard\u0131m var? Veren de alan da yaratand\u0131r\u201d. Bundan sonra sert bir k\u0131\u015f geldi ve ilkbaharda nehirler k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan ta\u015ft\u0131 ve \u015fehri ve k\u0131rlar\u0131 harap etti. Sonra yine 915’te 21\/4\/1509’da, \u00fcnl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck deprem, \u0130stanbul \u015fehrinin i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesini yerle bir etti.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ele\u015ftirel Bask\u0131lar \u00d6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan padi\u015fah\u0131n eylemleri de\u011fil, Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n Mehdi’yi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonunun habercisi olarak g\u00f6ndererek eli kula\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fcdahalesi oldu\u011fu tarihsel i\u00e7erikli Osmanl\u0131 metinleri vard\u0131r. Ne\u015fr\u00ee gibi (en az\u0131ndan kavram olarak) d\u00fcnya ve peygamberlerin tarihlerini yazan b\u00fcy\u00fck tarih yazarlar\u0131nda da ya da 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ‘\u0100l\u012b d\u00fcnya tarihi K\u00fcnh \u00fcl-a\u1e2bb\u0101r ile Allah’\u0131n Hz. d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze…
Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5517,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18968,18970,18967,18969],"tags":[18972,18977,18978,18975,18971,18973,18974,18976],"class_list":["post-8684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elestirel-okuma-basamaklari","category-elestirel-okuma-ornekleri","category-elestirel-okuma-ozellikleri","category-elestirel-okuma-ve-yazma","tag-elestirel-okuma-basamaklari","tag-elestirel-okuma-nedir","tag-elestirel-okuma-nesnel-midir","tag-elestirel-okuma-ornekleri","tag-elestirel-okuma-ozellikleri","tag-elestirel-okuma-ozet","tag-elestirel-okuma-ve-yazma","tag-turk-edebiyatinda-elestirmenler-ve-eserleri"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t