{"id":9679,"date":"2022-04-25T10:59:51","date_gmt":"2022-04-25T07:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/?p=9679"},"modified":"2022-04-25T10:59:51","modified_gmt":"2022-04-25T07:59:51","slug":"1800den-once-kitap-yayinlanma-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/1800den-once-kitap-yayinlanma-edebiyat-alaninda-tez-yaptirma-edebiyat-tez-yaptirma-ucretleri-edebiyat-odevleri-edebiyat-odev-ucretleri\/","title":{"rendered":"1800’DEN \u00d6NCE K\u0130TAP YAYINLANMA \u2013 Edebiyat Alan\u0131nda Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u2013 Edebiyat Tez Yapt\u0131rma \u00dccretleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6devleri \u2013 Edebiyat \u00d6dev \u00dccretleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

1800’DEN \u00d6NCE K\u0130TAP YAYINLANMA<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Yay\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, genel olarak anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bas\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u00fczenlenmesi, \u00fcretilmesi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n organize edilmesi ve bu i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecidir. Bu i\u015flevlerin \u00e7o\u011funu yerine getiren orta\u00e7a\u011f k\u0131rtasiyeciler olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda matbaan\u0131n icad\u0131, \u015fimdi uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bas\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar yaln\u0131zca birden \u00e7ok n\u00fcsha olarak \u00fcretilebilirdi; Bir yazman\u0131n bir yazman\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi tek bir kopya \u00e7\u0131karmak, ekonomik ve teknolojik bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131kt\u0131. Bas\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olan \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131larda bile kopyalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, matbaac\u0131y\u0131 yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinin \u00f6tesinde pazarlar aramaya ve bu pazarlara ula\u015fman\u0131n bir yolunu bulmaya zorlad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Bat\u0131’n\u0131n ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Latince metinleri, nerede \u00fcretildiklerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm Avrupa’da sat\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu ticareti s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 geli\u015ftirildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn milliyet\u00e7ilik, Protestanl\u0131k ve yerel dilin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n daha geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde benimsenmesi taraf\u0131ndan kademeli olarak \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, t\u00fcm\u00fc k\u0131smen bas\u0131l\u0131 kitab\u0131n mevcudiyetine atfedilebilir, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ticareti yaratt\u0131. Avrupa, hen\u00fcz ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlarla olmasa da dilsel s\u0131n\u0131rlarla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, \u0130ngiltere’de matbaan\u0131n kendisinin tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak ba\u015flad\u0131. William Caxton, 1476’da \u0130ngiltere’ye d\u00f6nmeden \u00f6nce K\u0131tada birka\u00e7 \u0130ngilizce kitap basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak bunlar \u0130ngiliz pazar\u0131 i\u00e7indi ve Westminster’e yerle\u015ftikten sonra, erken tarihin ba\u015fka yerlerinde e\u015fi olmayan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yerel kitaplara odakland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

En ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri \u0130ngilizce yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k yerel ve tecrit edilmi\u015fti ve bu nedenle \u0130ngilizce uluslararas\u0131 bir dil olana ve \u0130ngiliz kitaplar\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nana kadar \u00f6yle kalacakt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k tarih\u00e7isi ticaretin geli\u015fimini izlemekle ilgilenir ve son y\u0131llarda bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerlemeler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Bir as\u0131r \u00f6nce kitap ticaretinin tarihi, \u00f6ncelikle matbaan\u0131n tarihi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Blades’in Caxton’a ili\u015fkin \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (1861-3), sonraki biyografilerini \u00e7ekecek olan edebi, dilsel ve politik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri hari\u00e7 tutarak, neredeyse tamamen tipografinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgilidir. Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k tarihi art\u0131k bas\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fcretilmesi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik ve sosyal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f tabanl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/a> kitaplar\u0131<\/span>
\nAntika kitaplar<\/span>
\nEski kitaplar<\/span>
\nEn eski kitaplar<\/span>
\nTarihi kitaplar<\/span>
\nKitab\u0131m ka\u00e7 adet satt\u0131<\/span>
\nEski kitaplar isimleri<\/span>
\nEski kitaplar pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Bas\u0131m\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda yay\u0131nc\u0131 ve matbaac\u0131 normalde ayn\u0131 adamd\u0131. Matbaac\u0131, ekipman ve malzeme ihtiyac\u0131 ve bir emek i\u015fvereni olmas\u0131 nedeniyle kitap \u00fcretiminin kapitalistiydi, ancak on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fim de ba\u015fl\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6z\u00fcnde, bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, \u0130ngiliz kitap ticaretinde matbaadaki te\u00e7hizattan ba\u015fka bir \u015feyden olu\u015fan bir sermaye taban\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131. Bu sermaye, bir metnin, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu fiziksel bi\u00e7imden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir m\u00fclkiyet par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak giderek artan kabul\u00fcnden t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir, bu kavram “telif hakk\u0131” olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Telif hakk\u0131n\u0131n uzak k\u00f6kenleri, on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Henry VII ve Henry VIII taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131m lisanslar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.\u00a0<\/span>Bu lisanslar veya patentler, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, siyasi ve dini nedenlerle bas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme arzusu nedeniyle verildi, ancak belirli bir metni basma hakk\u0131n\u0131n benzersiz bir \u015fekilde belirli bir ki\u015fiye verilebilece\u011fi kavram\u0131n\u0131 yaratma etkisine sahipti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kitap ticareti b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ve t\u00fcm kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n genel iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in bir dereceye kadar kendi kendini d\u00fczenleme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na vard\u0131k\u00e7a, bu ilke ticaretin \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli hale geldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1557’de Mary, genellikle K\u0131rtasiyeciler \u015eirketi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Londra K\u0131rtasiyeciler \u015eirketi’ne bir kurulu\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi verdi. Motif yine esas olarak kontrold\u00fc. T\u00fcz\u00fck, bask\u0131 sanat\u0131n\u0131n prati\u011fini Londra ile ve Londra i\u00e7inde \u015eirketin \u00f6zg\u00fcr adamlar\u0131yla etkin bir \u015fekilde de s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daha sonra, \u015eirketin kendi kararnameleri ve kraliyet ve imtiyaz mahkemelerinden al\u0131nan kararnameler \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenlemeler, bu rejimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. 1580’lerin ortalar\u0131nda, K\u0131rtasiyeciler \u015eirketi sans\u00fcr sisteminin fiili kontrol\u00fcndeydi; ayn\u0131 zamanda matbaa ve ana matbaalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve ticarete giren \u00e7\u0131raklar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fczenledi ve \u0130ngiltere’de ithal kitaplar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 konusunda bir miktar denetime de sahipti.<\/span><\/p>\n

En kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imiyle, K\u0131rtasiyeciler \u015eirketi’ne dayanan sistem \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’ta hayatta kalamad\u0131, ancak o zamana kadar \u0130ngiliz yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 temel ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Ticaret Londra’da yerle\u015fikti ve \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcyeleri, birbirleriyle rekabet halinde olsalar da, kendi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7evrelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan rekabetle tehdit edildiklerinde her zaman kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yarar i\u00e7in i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmaya haz\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 korumalar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, kraliyet patentlerinden t\u00fcretilene paralel, ancak ondan ayr\u0131 ikinci bir telif hakk\u0131 edinme y\u00f6nteminin geli\u015ftirilmesinden geldi. Sans\u00fcr yetkisinin 1560’larda K\u0131rtasiyeciler \u015eirketine etkin bir \u015fekilde devredilmesi, k\u0131smen \u015eirketin bas\u0131m i\u00e7in ruhsat verilmi\u015f t\u00fcm kitaplar\u0131n bir kayd\u0131n\u0131 tutmas\u0131n\u0131 da zorunlu k\u0131larak sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bu kay\u0131t 1560’lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fka bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, K\u0131rtasiyeciler Kayd\u0131, bas\u0131lacak ruhsatlar\u0131n bir kayd\u0131yd\u0131, ancak b\u00f6yle bir ruhsat normalde ismi belli olan bir ki\u015fiye verildi\u011finden, o ki\u015finin isimlendirilmi\u015f bir metni basmak i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz hakk\u0131n\u0131n bir kayd\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye de ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131rtasiyeciler Sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan bu lisanslar, telif hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan atalar\u0131d\u0131r. On alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, bu t\u00fcr ruhsatlar ticaretin bir\u00e7ok \u00fcyesi taraf\u0131ndan tutuldu, ancak bunlar\u0131n nispeten az say\u0131da elde toplanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de belirgin bir e\u011filim vard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu adamlar, yani kopya sahipleri, ticarette \u00f6nemli ki\u015filer haline geldiler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi olmadan hi\u00e7bir kitap bas\u0131lamaz veya yeniden bas\u0131lamazd\u0131. Bununla birlikte, bir kopya sahibinin bir matbaaya sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir neden yoktu ve ticaret i\u00e7indeki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi yava\u015f yava\u015f de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bask\u0131 kapasitesi talebi a\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve matbaac\u0131lar kopya sahiplerinin \u00fccretli acenteleri haline geldiler, ger\u00e7ekten de \u00f6yle kald\u0131lar.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1800’DEN \u00d6NCE K\u0130TAP YAYINLANMA Yay\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, genel olarak anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bas\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u00fczenlenmesi, \u00fcretilmesi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n organize edilmesi ve bu i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecidir. Bu i\u015flevlerin \u00e7o\u011funu yerine getiren orta\u00e7a\u011f k\u0131rtasiyeciler olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda matbaan\u0131n icad\u0131, \u015fimdi uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bas\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar yaln\u0131zca birden…
Devam\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8397,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21718,21719,21720,21721],"tags":[21722,21723,21725,21724,21728,21729,21727,21726],"class_list":["post-9679","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19-yuzyil-kitaplari","category-antika-kitaplar","category-en-eski-kitaplar","category-eski-kitaplar-isimleri","tag-19-yuzyil-kitaplari","tag-antika-kitaplar","tag-en-eski-kitaplar","tag-eski-kitaplar","tag-eski-kitaplar-isimleri","tag-eski-kitaplar-pdf","tag-kitabim-kac-adet-satti","tag-tarihi-kitaplar"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9679","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9679"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9679\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8397"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9679"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9679"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bestessayhomework.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9679"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}